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| study of how behaviour changes over time |
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| false assumption that because one event occurred before another event, it must have cause that event |
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| research design that examines populations of different ages at a single point in time |
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| effects observed in a sample of participants that result from individuals in the sample growing up at the same time |
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| research design that examines development in the same sample of participants on multiple occasions over time |
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| gene-environment interaction |
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| situation in which the effects of genes depend on the environment in which they are expressed |
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| tendency of individuals with certain genetic predispositions to seek out and create environments that permit the expression of those predispositions |
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| activation or deactivation of genes by environmental experiences throughout development |
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| ball of identical cells early in pregnancy that haven't yet begun to take on any specific function in a body part |
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| second to eighth week of prenatal development, during which limbs, facial features, and major organs of the body take form |
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| period of prenatal development from ninth week until birth after all major organs are established and physical maturation is the primary change |
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| environmental factors that can exert a negative impact on prenatal development |
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| bodily motions that occur as a result of self-initiated force that moves the bones and muscles |
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| study of how children learn, think, reason, communicate, and remember |
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| Piaget's theoretical perspective that children construct an understanding of their world based on observations of the effects of their behaviours |
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| Piagetian process of absorbing new experience into current knowledge structures |
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| Piagetian process of altering a belief to make it more compatible with experience |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by a focus on the here and now without the ability to represent experiences mentally |
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| the understanding that objects continue to exist even when out of view |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to construct mental representations of experience, but not yet perform operations on them |
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| Piaget: How Children Construct Their Worlds (Tools)(2) |
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Definition
Assimilation
Accommodation |
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| Piaget's Stages of Development (Years too) |
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Definition
Sensorimotor(Birth to 2 years)
Preoperational (2 to 7 years)
Concrete Operations (7 to 11 years
Formal Operations (11 to adulthood) |
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| In the preoperational stage of Piaget's theory, it's the inability to see the world from others' perspectives |
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| Piagetian task (in preoperational stage) requiring children to understand that despite a transformation in the physical presentation of an amount, the amount remains the same |
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| concrete operations stage |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform mental operations on physical events only |
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| stage in Piaget's theory characterized by the ability to perform hypothetical reasoning beyond the here and now |
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| Vygotskian learning mechanism in which parents provide initial assistance in children's learning but gradually remove structure as children become more competent |
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| zone of proximal development |
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| (Vygotskian) phase of learning during which children can benefit from instruction |
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| Contemporary theories of cognitive development |
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Definition
Domain-General Cognitive Accounts
Sociocultural Accounts
Modular Accounts |
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| Domain-General Cognitive Accounts |
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| They emphasize general cognitive abilities, constructivist learning, and acquire rather than innate knowledge |
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| Emphasize the social context and the ways in which interactions with caretakers and other children guide children's understanding of the world |
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| emphasize the idea of domain-specific learning, that is, separate spheres of knowledge in different learning domains |
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| a fear of strangers developing at 8 or 9 months of age |
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| the strong emotional connection we share with those whom we feel closest |
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| imprinting (and critical period) |
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| phenomenon observed in which baby birds begin to follow around and attach themselves to any large moving object they see in the hours immediately after hatching. The critical period: a specific window of time during which an event must occur is related to imprinting. |
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| positive emotions afforded by touch |
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| drawing conclusions on the basis of only a single measure |
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| basic emotional style that appears early in development and is largely genetic in origin |
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| average expectable environment |
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| environment that provides children with basic needs for affection and discipline |
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| group socialization theory |
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| theory that peers play a more important role than parents in children's social development |
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| ability to inhibit an impulse to act |
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| Kohlberg's Scheme of Moral Development |
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Definition
Preconventional Morality
Conventional Morality
Postconventional Morality |
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| First level, is marked by a focus on punishment and reward. What's right is what we're rewarded for: what's wrong is what we're punished for |
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| second stage, marked by a focus on societal values. What's right is what society approves of; what's wrong is what society disproves of |
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| postconventional morality |
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| third level, marked by a focus on internal moral principles that transcend society. What's right is what accords with fundamental human rights and values; what's wrong is what contradicts these rights and values |
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| Criticisms of Kohlbergs work |
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Definition
1. Cultural bias
2. Sex bias
3. Low correlation with moral behaviours
4. Confound with Verbal Intelligence
5. Casual Direction |
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| individuals' sense of being male or female |
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| behaviours that tend to be associated with being male or female |
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| the transition between childhood and adulthood commonly associated with the teenage years |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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| the reproductive organs and genitals that distinguish the sexes |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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| sex-differentiating characteristics that don't relate directly to reproduction, such as breast enlargement in women and deepening voices in men |
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| our sense of who we are, and our life goals and priorities |
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| psychosocial crisis (Erikson) |
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| dilemma concerning an individual's relations to other people |
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| Erikson's Eight Ages of Human Development |
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Definition
1. Infancy
2. Toddlerhood
3. Early childhood
4. Middle childhood
5. Adolescence
6. Young adulthood
7. Adulthood
8. Aging |
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| the termination of menstruation, marking the end of a women's reproductive potential |
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