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| the mental activities associated with thinking, knowing, remembering, and communicating |
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| mental grouping of similar objects, events, ideas, or people |
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| mental image or best example of a category |
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| a methodical, logical rule or procedure that guarantees solving a particular problem. (step by step problem) |
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| simple thinking strategy that often allows us to make judgments and solve problems efficiently. speedier than algorithms |
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| sudden and often novel realization of the solution to a problem |
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| a tendency to search for information that confirms ones preconceptions |
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| inability to see a problem from a new perspective |
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| tendency to approach a problem in a particular way, often a way that has been successful in the past |
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| tendency to think of things only in terms of their usual functions, an impediment to problem solving |
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| representativeness heuristic |
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| judging the likelihood of things in terms of how well they seem to represent or match particular prototypes. may lead one to ignore other relevant information |
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| estimating the likelihood of events based on their availability in memory |
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| tendency to be more confident than correct |
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| the way an issue is posed, how an issue is framed can significantly affect decisions and judgment. how we see things |
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| tendency for ones preexisting beliefs to distort logical reasoning, sometimes by making invalid conclusion seem valid, or invalid conclusions seem invalid |
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| clinging to ones initial conceptions after the basis on which they were formed is discredited |
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