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Chapter 10
How Cells Divide
40
Biology
Undergraduate 1
11/04/2009

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Term
bacteria divide by ____
Definition
binary fission
Term

in binary fission:

  • the single, ____ bacterial chromosome is _____.
  • replication begins at the ___ __ ___ and proceeds ______
  • ___ ______ are partitioned to opposite ends of the cell.
  • a septum forms to ....
Definition
  • circular, replicated
  • origin of replication, bidirectionally
  • new chromosomes
  • divide the cell into 2 cells

 

Term

Eurkaryotic chromosomes

  • ___ chromosomes
  • every species has (the same/different) # of chromosomes
  • composed of _____ (a complex of DNA and protein)
  • heterochromatin ___ expressed
  • euchromatin ___ expressed
Definition
  • linear
  • different
  • chromatin
  • not expressed
  • is expressed
Term
  • chromosomes are very long and must be ____ within the nucleus
  • nucleosomes -
  • nucleosomes are spaced ____ nucleotides apart in DNA
  • further coiling creates a ____ fiber or ____

 

Definition
  • condensed
  • DNA wrapped around a core of 8 proteins
  • 200
  • 30 nm, solenoid
Term
  • __ ___ held in place by scaffolding proteins
  • scaffolding of proteins is aided by the complex of proteins called ___
Definition
  • radial loops
  • condensin
Term
chromosomes must be _____ before cell division
Definition
replicated
Term
karyotype
Definition
the particular array of chromosomes in an organism
Term
replicated chromosomes are connected to each other at their ___
Definition
kinetochores
Term
cohesin
Definition
a complex of proteins holding replicated chromosomes together
Term
sister chromatids
Definition
2 copies of the chromosome within the replicated chromosome
Term
The 5 main phases of the eukaryotic are...
Definition

1) G1

2) S

3) G2

4) Mitosis

5) Cytokinesis

Term
interphase is composed of:
Definition
G1, S, and G2 phases
Term
G1 (gap phase 1)
Definition
time of cell growth
Term
S Phase
Definition

synthesis of DNA, DNA replication

 

2 sister chromatids produced

Term
G2 (gap phase 2)
Definition
chromosomes condense
Term

Proteins of the kinetochore are attached to the ___

 

____ will attach to the kinetochore

Definition

centromere

 

microtubules

Term
Centrioles
Definition
microtubule organizing centers that replicate and move to each pole
Term
the 5 phases in mitosis are...
Definition

prophase

prometaphase

metaphase

anaphase

telophase

Term

Prophase:

chromosome continue to __

centrioles move to __

___ ___ is assembled

nuclear envelope __

Definition

condense

poles

spindle apparatus

dissolves

Term

prometaphase

chromosomes attached to spindle fibers at ___

2nd set of ___ formed from poles to each kinetochore

microtubules begin to pull each chromosome to the ___ of the cell

Definition

kinetochores

microtubules

center

Term

metaphase

microtubules pull the chromosome to ___ them at the center of cell

 

Definition
align
Term
metaphase plate
Definition
imaginary plane through the center of the cell where chromosomes align
Term

Anaphase

removal of ___ ____ causes the centromeres to separate

microtubules pull __ __ toward poles

in anaphase a ...

in anaphase b...

Definition

cohesion proteins

sister chromatids

kinetochores pulled apart

poles move apart

 

Term

Telophase

spindle apparatus ___

__ ___ forms around each set of sister chromatids

chromosomes begin to ___

___ appears in each new nucleus

Definition

disassembles

nuclear envelope

uncoil

nucleolus

Term

cytokinesis is...

 

animals, constriction of actin filaments creates...

 

plants, plaasma membrane forms a __ __ b/t the nuclei

Definition

cleavage of cells into equal halves

 

a cleavage furrow

 

 cell plate

Term
division of nucleus occurs with ____
Definition
cytokinesis
Term
the cell cycle is controlled at what 3 checkpoints?
Definition

G1/S checkpoint

G2/M checkpoint

Late Metaphase (spindle) checkpoint

Term
G1/S checkpoint
Definition
cell decides to divide
Term
G2/M checkpoint
Definition
Cell makes a commitment to mitosis
Term
late metaphase checkpoint
Definition
cell ensures all chromosomes are attached to the spindle
Term
cyclins
Definition

produced in synchrony w/ cell cycle

 

regulated passage of the cell throughcell cycle checkpoints.

Term
cyclin-dependent kinases
Definition

enzymes that drive cell cycle

 

activated when bound by cyclin

Term

@ G1/S Checkpoint:

  • G1 cyclins ____
  • G1 cyclins bind to ___ to create active G1/S Cdk
  • G1/S Cdk _____ a number of molecules.
    These molecultes ultitmately increase the enzymes required for ___ ____
Definition
  • accumulate
  • Cdc2
  • phosphorylates
    DNA replication
Term

@ the spindle Checkpoint:

  • the signal for anaphase to proceed is transmitted through __-__ __
  • APC activates the proteins that remove ___ holding sister chromatids together
Definition
  • Anaphase-promoting complex (apc)
  • cohesin
Term

Growth factors:

  • influence the ___ ___
  • trigger ______ signaling systems
  • can overide cellular controls that otherwise inhibit __ ___
Definition
  • cell cycle
  • intrAcellular
  • cell division
Term
Platelet derived growth factor (PDGF) triggers...
Definition
cells to divide during wound healing
Term
cancer is a failure of...
Definition
cell cycle control
Term
Two genes that disturb the cell cycle when mutated are:
Definition
  1. tumor-supressor genes
  2. proto-ongco genes
Term

Tumor-supressor genes:

  • prevent the ____ of many cells containing mutations
  • for example, p53 halts __ ___ if damaged DNA is detected
  • p53 is __ or ___ in many cancerous cells
Definition
  • development
  • cell division
  • absent or damaged
Term

proto-onco-genes:

  • some encode __ for growth factors
  • some encode __ ___ __
  • becomes ____ when mutated
Definition
  • receptors
  • signal transduction proteins
  • oncogenes (these can cause cancer when they are introduced into a cell)
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