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| the sequence of age-related changes that occur as a person progresses from conception to death |
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| a one-celled organism formed by the union of a sperm and an egg |
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| extends from conception to birth, usually encompassing nine months or pregnancy |
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- the first phase of prenatal development, encompassing the first two weeks after conception
- on about the 7th day, the cell mass begins to implant itself in the uterine wall
- many zygotes are rejected at this point
- the placenta begins to form
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| a structure that allows oxygen and nutrients to pass into the fetus from the mother's bloodstream and bodily wastes to pass out to the mother |
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- the second stage of prenatal development, lasting from two weeks until the end of the second month
- most of the vital organs and bodily systems begin to form
- heart, spine, brain emerge
- arms, legs, hands, feet, looks human
- most miscarriages occur during this time
- most structural birth defects occur
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- the third stage of prenatal development, lasting from two months through birth
- rapid body growth, muscles and bones begin to form
- capable of physical movement as skeletal structures harden
- sense of hearing
- final three months: brain cells, fat deposited, respiratory and digestive systems mature
- age of viability
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| the age at which a baby can survive in the event of a premature birth |
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a collection of congenital (inborn) problems associated with excessive alcohol use during pregnancy
microcephaly (small head), heart defects, irritability, hyperactivity, and retarded mental and motor development |
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| progression of muscular coordination required for physical activities |
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| the head-to-foot direction of motor development. children tend to gain control over the upper part of their bodies before the lower part |
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| the center-outward direction of motor development. children gain control over their torso before their extremeties |
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| maturation and developmental norms |
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development that reflects the gradual unfolding of one's genetic blueprint
indicate the typical (median) age at which individuals display various behaviors and abilities, benchmarks |
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the close, emotional bonds of affection that develop between infants and their caregivers
formed early in life
not instantaneous |
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emotional distress seen in many infants when they are separated from people with whom they formed an attachment
peaks at about 14-18 months |
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- famous studies of attachment in monkeys
- artificial mothers
- monkeys went to cloth mothers, even if not fed by them
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| there must be a biological basis for attachment. infants are biologically programmed to emit behavior (smiling, cooing, clinging) that triggers effectionate, protective response from adults. adults are programmed by evolutionary forces to be captivated by this behavior |
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patterns of attachment
-secure
-anxious ambivalent (resistant)
-avoidant |
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what most infants develop
they play and explore comfortably with their mother present, become visibly upset when she leaves, and are quickly calmed by her return |
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anxious-ambivalent attachment
(resistant) |
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| children appear anxious even when their mothers are near and protest excessively when she leaves, but they are not particularly comforted when she returns |
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| children seek little contact with their mothers and often are not distressed when she leaves |
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concluded that events in early childhood leave a permanent stamp on adult personality. but personality continues to evolve over the entire life span
partitioned life span into eight stages, personality is shaped by how individuals deal with these psychological crises |
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developmental period during which characterisitic patterns of behavior are exhibited and certain capacities become established
(1)individuals must progress through specified stages in a particular order because each stage builds on the previous one
(2)progress through these stages is strongly related to age
(3)development is marked by major discontinuities that usher in dramatic transitions in behavior |
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stage 1: trust vs mistrust
first year of life
stage 2: autonomy vs shame and doubt
2nd and 3rd years
stage 3: initiative vs guils
4th through 6th years
stage 4: industry vs inferiority
age 6 through puberty
stage 5: identity vs confusion
adolescence
stage 6: intimacy vs isolation
early adulthood
stage 7: generativity s self-absorption
middle adulthood
stage 8: integrity vs despair
late adulthood |
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| Stage 1: trust versus mistrust |
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Definition
first stage of life.
is my world predictable and supportive?
infant has to depend completely on adults to take care of its basic needs.
attachments are formed, the child should develop an optimistic, trusting attitude toward the world |
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| Stage 2: autonomy versus shame and doubt |
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can i do things myself or must i always rely on others?
second and third years of life.
parents begin toilet training.
child must begin taking personal responsibility for feeding, dressing, and bathing.
child acquires a sense of self-sifficiency.
if not, child feels shame and self doubt |
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| Stage 3: Initiative versus Guilt |
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am i good or am i bad?
fourth through sixth years of life.
challenge of children functioning socially with their families.
self-esteem may suffer or self-confidence may begin to grow |
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| Stage 4: industry versus inferiority |
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Definition
am i competent or worthless?
age 6 through puberty.
challenge of learning to function socially is extended beyond the family to the broader social realm of the neighborhood and school.
build sense of competence |
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| transitions in youngsters' patterns of thinking, including resononing, remembering, and problem solving |
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| intrigued by the reasoning underlying children's wrong answers. interested in how children use their intelligence. interaction with the environment and maturation gradually alter the way children think |
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stage 1: sensorimotor period
birth to age two
stage 2: preoperational period
ages two to seven
stage 3: concrete operational period
ages seven to eleven
stage 4: formal operational period
age eleven onward |
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Term
Stage 1: sensorimotor period |
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Definition
first stage in piaget's theory.
lasts from birth to age two.
ability to coordinate sensory input with their motor actions.
gradual appearance of symbolic thought.
innate refelxes.
by the end of the stage, children can use mental symbols to represent objects.
object permanence |
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stage 2: preoperational period |
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Definition
second stage in piaget's theory.
age 2 to 7.
children improve in their use of mental images.
have not yet mastered the principle of conservation.
centration.
irreversibility.
egocentrism
animism. |
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tendency to focus on just one feature of a problem, neglecting other important aspects |
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| the inability to envision reversing an action |
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in thinking, is characterized by a limited ability to share another person's point of view. a notable feature of this is animism |
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| the belief that all things are living |
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| stage 3: concrete operational period |
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third stage in piaget's theory.
from age 7 to 11.
children can perform operations only on images of tangible objects and actualy events.
reversibility allows a child to mentally undo and action.
decentration allows the child to focus on more than one feature of a problem simultaneously.
decline in egocentrism and gradual mastery of conservation.
can't handle heirarchial classification problems that require them to focus simultaneously on two levels of classification |
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Term
| stage 4: formal operational period |
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Definition
fourth stage in piaget's theory.
age 11 onward.
children begin to apply their operations to abstract concepts in addition to concrete objects.
contemplate abstractions like justice, love, and free will.
more likely to think things through |
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Definition
sociocultural theory.
compatible with social communist thinking.
placed emphasis on how children's cognitive development is fueled by social interactions with parents, teachers, and older children.
culture exerts great influence over how cognitive growth unfolds.
acquire most knowledge through collaborative dialogues with more experienced members of society.
like an apprenticeship |
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| asert that humans are prewired to readily understand certain concepts without making any assumptions about why humans are prewired this way |
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| agree with nativists that humans are prewired for certain cognitive abilities, but they are more interested in why. maintain this wiring is a product of natural selection |
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| developed a model of moral development. interested in the "why" |
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focuses on moral reasoning rather than behavior.
six stages:
(1) punishement orientation: right and wrong is determined by what is punished
(2) native reward orientation: right and wrong is determined by what is rewarded.
1 and 2 = preconventional level
(3) good boy/girl orientation: right and wrong is determined by others' approval or disapproval
(4) authority orientation: right and wrong is determined by society's rules, and laws, which should be obeyed rigidly
3 and 4 = conventional level
(5) social contract orientation: r&w is determined by society's rules, which are fallible rather than absolute
(6) individual principles and conscience ortientation: r&w determined by abstract ethical principles that emphasize equality and justice
5 and 6 = postconventional level |
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| secondary sex characteristics |
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Definition
| physical features taht distinguish one sex from the other but that are not essential for reproduction |
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| the stage during which sexual functions reach maturity, which marks the beginning of adolescence |
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| primary sex characteristics |
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| the structures necessary for reproduction |
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produced by the presence or absence of sense of commitement and a sense of crisis.
four statuses: identity diffusion, identity forclosure,identity moratorium, identity acheivement |
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| state of rudderless apathy. refuse to confront the challenge of charting a life course and committing to an ideology |
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| premature committment to visions, values, and roles--typically those prescribed by one's parents |
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| involves delaying commitment for a while to experiment with alternative ideologies and careers. temporary phase. |
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| involves arriving at a sense of self and direction after some consideration of alternative possibilities |
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