Term
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Definition
| Neurons that synapse directly onto muscle cells and stimulate their contraction. |
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Term
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Definition
| Inhibition of motor neurons activating muscles whose contraction would oppose an intended movement. |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflex in which the afferent neuron directly activates motor nueron (patellar reflex) |
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Term
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Definition
| Reflex emplying one or more interneurons in its reflex arc (crossed extensor reflex w/ reciprocal innervations) |
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Term
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Definition
| Ipsilateral inhibition resulting in withdrawal reflex. |
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Term
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Definition
| Stimulus that opposes epsilateral (crossed extensor reflex) |
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Term
| What are the receptors which sense the length of a skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| Muscle-spindle stretch receptors. |
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Term
| What are the receptors which sense changes in length of a skeletal muscle? |
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Definition
| Nuclear chain fibers (in muscle spindle) |
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Term
| What are the receptors which sense muscle tension? |
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Definition
| Nuclear bag fibers (in muscle spindle) |
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Term
| How are body's muscles represented in the primary motor cortex? |
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Definition
| Proportional to number of neurons for their motor control. |
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Term
| Locate the primary motor cortex |
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Definition
| In front of sensory on frontal lobe |
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Term
| What is the function of the primary motor cortex? |
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Definition
| Send nerves to motor muscles to control |
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Term
| What are their general functions of premotor and supplementary motor cortices? |
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Definition
| Involved in planning and enacting complex muscle movement. |
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Term
| General functions of pyramidal (corticospinal) |
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Definition
| conscious, intential activity, voluntary |
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Term
| General functions of extrapyramidal |
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Definition
| unconscious, associated with pyramidal, background activity |
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Term
| How do pyramidal and extrapyramidal work together to produce coordinated, graceful, efficient movements? |
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Definition
| Extrapyramidal refines activity of pyramidal. |
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Term
| Identify the major structures included in extrapyramidal system |
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Definition
| Basal ganglia (caudate, putamen, globis pallidus, corpus striatum), thalamus, cerebellum, Brainstem structures (red nucleus, substantia nigra, dentate nucelus) |
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Term
| What are the basal ganglia? |
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Definition
| They are nuclei deep in cerebral hemispheres that code and relay info associated with control of body's movements. They are extrapyramidal and therefore perform background activities. |
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Term
| What function does the cerebellum serve in carrying out voluntary motor activities? |
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Definition
| It provides timing signals to cerebral cortex and spinal cord for execution. It helps to coordinate movements that involve in several joints and provides feed forward system for refinements. |
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Term
| What is a spinal pattern generator? |
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Definition
| Group of neurons that controls and coordinates group of muscles. |
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Term
| Where is the spinal pattern generator located? |
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Definition
| Found in neurons of reticular formation in spinal cord. |
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Term
| Which motor system includes the basal ganglia and several brainstem nuclei? |
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Definition
| Extrapyramidal and cerebellar motor system. |
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