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| Emotionally laden ideas and images that have rich and symbolic meaning for all people. |
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| Jung's name for the impersonal, deepest layer of the unconscious mind, shared by all human beings because of their common ancestral past. |
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| Tactics the ego uses to reduce anxiety by unconsciously distorting reality. |
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| The Freudian structure of personality that deals with the demands of reality. |
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| A type of self-report test that presents many questionnaire items to two groups that are known to be different in some central way. |
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| The quality of seeming, on the surface, to fit a particular trait in question. |
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| Theoretical views stressing a person's capacity for personal growth and positive human qualities. |
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| A pattern of enduring, distinctive thoughts, emotions, and behaviors that characterize the way an individual adapts to the world. |
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| A personality assessment test that presents individuals with an ambiguous stimulus and asks them to describe it or tell a story about it - to project their own meaning onto the stimulus. |
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| Psychodynamic perspectives |
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| Theoretical views emphasizing that personality is primarily unconscious (beyond awareness). |
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| A famous projective test that uses an individual's perception of inkblots to determine his or her personality. |
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| The belief that one can master a situation and produce positive change. |
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| Social cognitive perspectives |
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| Theoretical views emphasizing conscious awareness, beliefs, expectations, and goals. |
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| Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) |
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| A projective test that is designed to elicit stories that reveal something about an individual's personality. |
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| Unconditional positive regard |
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| Roger's construct referring to the individuals's needs to be accepted, valued, and treated positively regardless of his or her behavior. |
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| Unselfish interest in helping another person. |
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| The view that people are motivated to discover the underlying causes of behavior as part of their effort to make sense of the behavior. |
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| The tendency for an individual who observes an emergency to help less when other people are present than when the observer is alone. |
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| An individual's psychological discomfort (dissonance) caused by two inconsistent thoughts. |
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| A change in a person's behavior to coincide more closely with a group standard. |
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| Fundamental attribution error |
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| Observers' overestimation of the importance of internal traits and underestimation of the importance of external situations when they seek explanations of an actor's behavior. |
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| Group polarization effect |
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| The solidificaiton and further strengthening of an individual's position as a consequence of a group discussion. |
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| The impaired group decision making that occurs when making the right decision is less importance than maintaining group harmony. |
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| The phenomenon that the more we encounter someone or something, the more likely we are to start likeling the person or thing even if we do not realize we have seen it before. |
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| Normative social influence |
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| The influence other have on us because we want them to like us. |
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| The tendency to take credit for our successes and to deny responsibility for our failures. |
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| Imitative behavior involving the spread of behavior, emotions, and ideas. |
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| Improvement in an individual's performance because of the presence of others. |
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| The view that our social identities are a crucial part of our self-image and a valuable source of positive feelings about ourselves. |
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| An individual's fast-acting, self-fullfilling fear of being judged based on a negative stereotype about his or her group. |
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| Antisocial personality disorder (ASPD) |
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| Psychological disorder characterized by guiltlessness, law-breaking, exploitation of others, irresonspibility, and deceit. |
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| Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) |
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| One of the most common psychological disorders of childhoos, in which individuals show one or more of the following: inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. |
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| Disabling (uncontrollable and disruptive) psychological disorders that feature motor tension, hyperactivity, and apprehensive expectations and thoughts. |
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| Mood disorder characterized by extreme mood swings that include one or more episodes of mania, an overexcited, unreallistically optimistic state. |
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| False, unusual, and sometimes magical beliefs that are not part of an individual's culture. |
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| The display of little or no emotion - a common negative symptom of schizophrenia. |
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| Generalized anxiety disorder |
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| Psychological disorder marked by persistent anxiety for at least 6 months, and in which the individual is unable to specify the reasons for the anxiety. |
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| Sensory experiences that occur in the absence of real stimuli. |
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| An individual's acquisition of feelings of powerlessness when he or she is exposed to aversive circumstances, such as prolonged stress, over which that individual has no control. |
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| Psychological disorders - the main types of which are depressive disorders and bipolar disorder - in which there is a primary disturbance of mood: prolonged emotion that colours the individual's entire emotional state. |
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| Mood disorders in which the individual suffers from depression - an unrelenting lack of pleasure in life. |
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| Obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) |
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| Anxiety disorder in which the individual has anxiety-provoking thoughts that will not go away and/or urges to perform repetitive, ritualisitc behaviors to prevent or produce some future situation. |
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| Anxiety disorder in which the individual experiences recurrent, sudden onsets of intense terror, often without warning and with no specific cause. |
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| Chronic, maladaptive cognitive-behavioral patterns that are throughly integrated into an individual's personality. |
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| Anxiety disorder characterized by an irrational, overwhelming, persistent fear of a particular object or situation. |
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| Ascribing personal meaning to completely random events. |
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| Severe psychological disorder characterized by highly disordered thought processes, referred to as psychotic because they are so far removed from reality. |
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