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Chapter 10 & 11
Vitamin flash cards
22
Nutrition
Undergraduate 1
03/31/2014

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Term
Vitamins
Definition
organic, essential nutrients required in tiny amounts to perform specific functions that promote growth, reproduction, or the maintenance of health and life.
Term
Bioavailabilty
Definition
the rate at and the extent to which a nutrient is absorbed and used.
Term
precursors
Definition
substances that precede others; with regard to vitamins, compounds that can be converted into active vitamins; also known as provitamins
Term
Thiamin
Definition

a B1 vitamin. The coenzyme form is TPP (thiamin pyrophosphate).

 Water-soluble vitamin

Used for energy metabolism.

Deficiency Disease- Beriberi

Beriberi syptoms; enlarged heart, cardiac failure, muscular weakness; apathy, poor short-term memory, confusion, irritability; anorexia, weight loss.

No toxicity symptoms

Term
Riboflavin
Definition

a B2 vitamin. The coenzyme forms are FMN (flavin mononucleotide) and FAD (flavin adenine dinucleotide) used in energy metabolism.

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency Disease= Ariboflavinosis

symptoms=sore throat; cracks and redness at corners of mouth (Cheilosis), painful, smooth, purplish red tongue, inflammation characterized by skin lesions convered with greasy scales

No toxicity symptoms

 

 

Term
Niacin
Definition

a B3 vitamin, also known as Nicotinic acid, nicotinamide, or niacinamide. The coenzyme forms are NAD (nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide) and NADP (the phosphate form of NAD). Niacin can be eaten preformed or made in the body from its precursor, tryptophan, one of the amino acids.

Deficiency disease= Pellagra

symptoms= inflamed, swollen, smooth, bright red tongue (Glossitis); bilateral symmetrical rash on areas exposed to sunlight.

Toxicity symptoms= painful flush, hives, and rash ("niacin flush"); nausea, vomiting; liver damage, impaired glucose tolerance.

Term
Niacin equivalents (NE)
Definition
the amount of niacin presents in food, including the niacin that can theoretically be made from its precursor, tryptophan, present in the food.
Term
Niacin Flush
Definition
a temporary burning, tingling, and itching sensation that occurs when a person takes a large dose of nicotinic acid; often accompanied by a headache and reddened face, arms, and chest.
Term
Biotin
Definition

a B vitamin that functions as a coenzyme in energy metabolism, fat synthesis, amino acid metabolism, and glycogen synthesis.

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms=red, scaly rash around eyes, nose, and mouth; hair loss

Toxicity symptoms= none

Term
Pantothenic acid
Definition

a B vitamin. The principal active form is part of coenzyme A, called "CoA".

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= vomiting, nausea, stomach cramps; insomnia, fatigue, depression, irritability, restlessness, hypoglycemia

Toxicity symptoms= none

Term
Vitamin B6
Definition

Also known as; pyridoxal, pyridoxine, and pyridoxamine. The primary active coenzyme form is PLP (pyridoxal phosphate).

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= scaly dermatitis; anemia, depression, confusion, convulsions.

Toxicity symptoms= depression, fatigue, irritability, headaches, nerve damage causing numbness and muscle weakness leading to an inability to walk and convulsions; skin lesions.

Term
Antagonist
Definition
a competing factor that counteracts the action of another factor.
Term
Folate
Definition

Also known as; Folic acid, folacin, pteroylglutamic acid (PGA).

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= Anemia; smooth, red tongue; mental confusion, weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache, shortness of breath.

Toxicity symptoms= Masks vitamin B12- deficiency symptoms

Term
Vitamin B12
Definition

Also known as; Cobalamin

A B vitamin characterized by the presence of cobalt. The active forms of coenzyme B12 are methylcobalamin and deoxyadenosylcobalamin.

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency disease= Pernicious anemia

Deficiency symptoms= Anemia; fatigue, degeneration of peripheral nerves progressing to paralysis; sore tongue, loss of appetite, constipation.

Toxicity symptoms= none

Term
Choline
Definition

Non-B vitamins= Nitrogen containing compound found in foods and made in the body from the amino acid methionine. It is part of the phospholipid lecithin and the neurotransmitter acetylcholine.

 

Deficiency symptoms= Liver damage

Toxicity symptoms= body odor, sweating, salivation, reduced growth rate, low blood pressure, liver damage.

Term
Vitamin C
Definition

Also known as; Ascorbic acid

performs as an antioxidant and defends against free radicals

Water-soluble vitamin

Deficiency disease= Scurvy

Deficiency symptoms= poor wound healing, frequent infections; bleeding gums, loosened teeth; scorbutic gums, pinpoint hemorrhages.

Toxicity symptoms= Nausea, abdominal cramps, diarrhea; headache, fatigue, insomnia; hot flashes, rashes; interference with medical tests, aggravation of gout symptoms, urinary tract problems, kidney stones

Term
Vitamin A
Definition

Also known as; Retinol, retinal, retinoic acid; precursors are carotenoids such as beta-carotene

Fat-soluble vitamin

Deficiency disease= Hypovitaminosis A

Deficiency symptoms= infectious diseases, night blindness, blindness (xerophthalmia), keratiniztion

Toxicity symptoms=

Chronic toxicity symptoms= increased activity of osteoclasts causing reduced bone density; liver abnormalities; birth defects

 

Acute toxicity symptoms= blurred vision, nausea, vomiting, vertigo;increase of pressure inside skull, mimicking brain tumor; headaches; muscle incoordination

Term
Vitamin D
Definition

Also known as; Calciferol, 1,25-dihydroxy vitamin D (calcitriol)

 

Deficiency symptoms= Rickets in children and osteomalacia or osteoporosis in adults

Toxicity disease= Hypervitaminosis D

Toxicity symptoms= Elevated blood calcium; calcification of soft tissues (blood vessels, kidneys, heart, lungs, tissues around joints).

Term
Vitamin E
Definition

Also known as; Alpha-tocopherol

Fat-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= red blood cell breakage, nerve damage

Toxicity symptoms= Augments the effects of anticlotting medications

Tocopherol= a general term for several chemically related compounds, one of which has vitamin E activity.

Term
Vitamin K
Definition

Also known as; Phylloquinone, menaquinone, menadione, naphthoquinone

Fat-soluble vitamin

Deficiency symptoms= Hemorrhaging

Hemophilia= a hereditary disease in which the blood is unable to clot because it lacks the ability to synthesize certain clotting factors.

Toxicity symptoms= none

Term
Inositol
Definition

A nonessential nutrient that can be made in the body from glucose. Is part of cell membrane structures.

Non-B vitamin

Term
Carnitine
Definition

A nonessential, nonprotein amino acid made in the body from lysine that helps transport fatty acids across the mitochondrial membrane.

Non-B vitamin

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