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Chapter 10
Cardiovascular and Lymphatic Systems
229
Health Care
Undergraduate 4
04/05/2011

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Term
heart
Definition
muscular organ the size of a fist, located behind the sternum (breast bone) and between the lungs. The pumping action of the heart circulates blood throughout the body. The heart consists of two chambers, the right atrium and left atrium, and two lower chambers, the right ventricle and left ventricle. Valves of the heart keep the blood flowing in one direction. The cardiac septum separates the right and left sides of the heart.
Term
tricuspid valve
Definition
located between the right atrium and right ventricle
Term
bicuspid valve
Definition
located between the left atrium and left ventricle (mitral valve)
Term
semilunar valves
Definition
located between the right ventricle and the pulmonary artery and between the left ventricle and the aorta
Term
pericardium
Definition
two-layer sac (pericardial sac) covering the heart (pericardial fluid allows the laers to move without friction)
Term
visceral pericardium
Definition
lies closest to the myocardium
Term
epicardium (parietal pericardium)
Definition
lines the pericardial sac
Term
myocardium
Definition
middle, think, muscular layer of the heart
Term
endocardium
Definition
inner lining of the heart
Term
blood vessels
Definition
tubelike structures that carry blood throughout the body
Term
arteries
Definition
blood vessels that carry blood away from the pulmonary artery, carry oxygen and other nutrients from the heart to the body cells. The pulmonary artery, in contrast, carries carbon dioxide and other waste products from the heart to the lungs
Term
arterioles
Definition
smallest arteries
Term
aorta
Definition
largest artery in the body, originating at the left venricle and descending through the thorax and abdomen
Term
veins
Definition
blood vessels that carry blood back to the heart. All veins, with the exception of hte pulmonary veins, carry blood containing carbon dioxide and other waste products. The pulmonary veins carry oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart.
Term
venules
Definition
smallest veins
Term
venae cavae
Definition
largest veins in the body. The inferior vena cava carries blood to the heart from parts below the diaphragm, and the superior vena cava returns the blood to the heart from the upper part of the body.
Term
capillaries
Definition
microscopic blood vessels that connect arterioles with venules. Materials are passed between the blood and tissue through the capillary walls
Term
blood
Definition
composed of plasma and formed elements, such as erythrocytes, leukocytes, and thrombocytes (platelets)
Term
plasma
Definition
liquid portion of blood in which cells are suspended
Term
erythrocytes
Definition
red blood cells that carry oxygen
Term
leukocytes
Definition
white blood cells that fight infection
Term
platelets (thrombocytes)
Definition
one of the formed elements in the blood that is responsible for aiding in the clotting process
Term
lymph
Definition
transparent, usually colorless, tissue fluid
Term
lymph nodes
Definition
small, spherical bodies made of lymphoid tissue. They are found singularly or may be grouped together. The nodes act as filters in keeping substances such as bacteria from the blood.
Term
spleen
Definition
located in the left side of the abdominal cavity between the stomach and the diaphragm. In adulthood, the spleen is the largest lymphatic organ in the body.
Term
thymus gland
Definition
one of the primary lymphatic organs, it is located anterior to the ascending aorta and posterior to the sternum between the lungs. It plays an important role in the development of the body's immune system, particularly from infancy to puberty. Around puberty the thymus gland atrophies into connective tissue and does not function.
Term
angi/o
Definition
vessel (usually refers to blood vessel)
Term
aort/o
Definition
aorta
Term
arteri/o
Definition
artery
Term
atri/o
Definition
atrium
Term
cardi/o
Definition
heart
Term
lymph/o
Definition
lymph, lymph gland
Term
phleb/o, ven/o
Definition
vein
Term
plasm/o
Definition
plasma
Term
splen/o
Definition
spleen
Term
thym/o
Definition
thymus gland
Term
valv/o, valvul/o
Definition
valve
Term
ventricul/o
Definition
ventricle
Term
ather/o
Definition
yellowing, fatty plaque
Term
ech/o
Definition
sound
Term
electr/o
Definition
electricity, electrical activity
Term
isch/o
Definition
deficiency, blockage
Term
therm/o
Definition
heat
Term
thromb/o
Definition
clot
Term
brady-
Definition

slow

(prefix)

Term
tachy-
Definition

fast, rapid

(prefix)

Term
-ac
Definition

pertaining to

(suffix)

Term
-apheresis
Definition

removal

(suffix)

Term
-crit
Definition

to separate

(suffix)

Term
-graph
Definition

instrument used to record

(suffix)

Term
-odynia
Definition

pain

(suffix)

Term
-penia
Definition

abnormal reduction in number

(suffix)

Term
-poiesis
Definition

formation

(suffix)

Term
-sclerosis
Definition

hardening

(suffix)

Term
angiocarditis
Definition
inflammation of the blood vessels and heart
Term
angioma
Definition
tumor composed of blood vessels
Term
angiospasm
Definition
spasm (contraction) of the blood vessels
Term
angiostenosis
Definition
narrowing of a blood vessel
Term
aortic stenosis
Definition
narrowing pertaining to aorta (narrowing of the aortic valve)
Term
arteriorrhexis
Definition
rupture of an artery
Term
arteriosclerosis
Definition
hardening of the arteries
Term
atherosclerosis
Definition
hardening of fatty plaque (deposited on the arterial wall)
Term
bradycardia
Definition
condition of a slow heart (rate less than 60 beats per minute)
Term
cardiodynia
Definition
pain in the heart
Term
cardiomegaly
Definition
enlargement of the heart
Term
cardiomyopathy
Definition
disease of the heart muscle
Term
cardiovalvulitis
Definition
inflammation of the valves of the heart
Term
endocarditis
Definition
inflammation of the inner (lining) of the heart (particularly heart valves)
Term
ischemia
Definition
deficiency of blood (flow)
Term
myocarditis
Definition
inflammation of the muscle of the heart
Term
pericarditis
Definition
inflammation of the outer sac of the heart
Term
phlebitis
Definition
inflammation of a vein
Term
polyarteritis
Definition
inflammation of many (sites in the) arteries
Term
tachycardia
Definition
abnormal state of rapid heart (rate of more than 100 beats/min)
Term
thrombophlebitis
Definition
inflammation of a vein associated with a clot
Term
hematocytopenia
Definition
abnormal reduction in the number of blood cells
Term
hematoma
Definition
tumor of blood (mass of blood resulting from a broken blood vessel)
Term
lymphadenitis
Definition
inflammation of the lymph glands
Term
lymphadenopathy
Definition
disease of the lymph glands. Lymphadenopathy syndrome (LAS) is a persistent, generalized swelling of the lymph nodes often preceding the development of AIDS.
Term
lymphoma
Definition
tumor of lymphatic tissue (malignant)
Term
pancytopenia
Definition
abnormal reduction of all (blood) cells
Term
splenomegaly
Definition
enlargement of the spleen
Term
thrombosis
Definition
abnormal condition of a (blood) clot
Term
thrombus
Definition
(blood) clot (attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein)
Term
thymoma
Definition
tumor of the thymus gland
Term
acute coronary syndrome (ACS)
Definition
sudden symptoms of insufficient blood supply to the heart indicating unstable angina or myocardial infarction
Term
anemia
Definition
reduction in the amount of hemoglobin in the red blood cells
Term
aneurysm
Definition
ballooning of a weakened portion of an arterial wall
Term
angina pectoris
Definition
chest pain, which may radiate to the left arm and jaw, that occurs when there is an insufficient supply of blood to the heart muscle
Term
cardiac arrest
Definition
sudden cessation of cardiac output and effective circulation, which requires cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Term
cardiac tamponade
Definition
acute compression of the heart caused by fluid accumulation in the pericardial cavity
Term
coarctation of the aorta
Definition
congenital cardiac condition characteried by a narrowing of the aorta
Term
congenital heart disease
Definition
heart abnormality present at birth
Term
congestive heart failure (CHF)
Definition
inability of the heart to pump enough blood through the body to supply the tissues and organs
Term
coronary occlusion
Definition
 obstruction of an artery of the heart, usually from atherosclerosis (can lead to heart attack)
Term
deep vein thrombosis (DVT)
Definition
condition of thrombus in a deep vein of the body. Most often occurs in the lower extremities.
Term
dysrhythmia
Definition
any disturbance or abnormality in the heart's normal rhythmic pattern (arrhythmia)
Term
embolus (emboli)
Definition
blood clot of foreign material, such as air or fat, that enters the bloodstream and moves until it lodges at another point in the circulation
Term
fibrillation
Definition
rapid, quivering, non-coordinated contractions of the atria or ventricles. 
Term
hemochromatosis
Definition
an iron metabolism disorder that occurs when too much iron is absorbed from food, resulting in excessive deposits of iron in the tissue. Can cause congestive heart failure, diabetes, cirrhosis, or cancer of the liver.
Term
hemophilia
Definition
inherited bleeding disease most commonly caused by a deficiency of the coagulation factor VIII
Term
hemorrhoid
Definition
varicose vein in the rectal area, which may be internal or external
Term
Hodgkin disease
Definition
malignant disorder of the lymphatic tissue characterized by progressive enlargement of the lymph nodes, usually beginning in the cervical nodes
Term
hypertensive heart disease (HHD)
Definition
disorder of the heart brought about by persistent high blood pressure
Term
intermittent claudication
Definition
pain and discomfort in calf muscles while walking. A condition seen in occlusive artery disease.
Term
leukemia
Definition
malignant disease characterized by excessive increase in abnormal white blood cells formed in the bone marrow
Term
mitral valve stenosis
Definition
a narrowing of the mitral (bicuspid) valve from scarring, usually caused by episodes of rheumatic fever
Term
myocardial infarction (MI)
Definition
death (necrosis) of a portion of the myocardium caused by lack of oxygen resulting from an interrupted blood supply (heart attack)
Term
peripheral arterial disease (PAD)
Definition
disease of the arteries, other than those of the heart and brain, that affects blood circulation, such as atherosclerosis and Raynaud disease. The most common symptom of peripheral atherosclerosis is intermittent claudication.
Term
rheumatic fever
Definition
an inflammatory disease, usually occurring in children and often after an upper respiratory tract streptococcal infection
Term
rheumatic heart disease
Definition
damage to the heart muscle or heart valves caused by one or more episodes of rheumatic fever
Term
sickle cell anemia
Definition
a hereditary, chronic hemolytic disease characterized by crescent- or sickle-shaped red blood cells (incurable disease)
Term
varicose veins (varicosities)
Definition
distended or tortuous veins usually found in the lower extremities
Term
angioplasty
Definition
surgical repair of a blood vessel
Term
angiorraphy
Definition
suturing of a blood vessel
Term
atherectomy
Definition
excision of fatty plaque (from a blocked artery using a specialized catheter and a rotary cutter)
Term
endarterectomy
Definition
excision within an artery (excision of a plaque from the arterial wall). This procedure is usually named for the artery to be cleaned out, such as carotid endarterectomy, which means removal of plaque from the wall of the carotid artery.
Term
pericardiocentesis
Definition
surgical puncture to aspirate fluid from (within) the outer sac of the heart (pericardium) (used to treat cardiac tamponade)
Term
phlebectomy
Definition
excision of a vein
Term
phlebotomy
Definition
incision into a vein (to remove blood or to give blood or intravenous fluids) (venipuncture)
Term
splenectomy
Definition
excision of the spleen
Term
splenopexy
Definition
surgical fixation of the spleen
Term
thymectomy
Definition
excision of the thymus gland
Term
aneurysmectomy
Definition
surgical excision of an aneurysm
Term
bone marrow transplant
Definition
infusion of normal bone marrow cells from a donor with matching cells and tissue to a recipient with a certain type of leukemia or anemia
Term
cardiac pacemaker
Definition
battery-powered or nuclear-powered apparatus implanted under the skin to regulate the heart rate
Term
coronary artery bypass graft (CABG)
Definition
surgical technique to bring a new blood supply to heart muscle by detouring around blocked arteries
Term
coronary stent
Definition
a supportive scaffold device implanted in the coronary artery. Used to prevent closure of the artery after angioplasty or atherectomy
Term
defibrillation
Definition
application of an electric shock to the myocardium through the chest wall to restore normal cardiac rhythm
Term
embolectomy
Definition
excision of an embolus or clot
Term
femoropopliteal bypass
Definition
surgery to establish an alternate route from femoral artery to popliteal artery to bypass an obstruction
Term
hemorrhoidectomy
Definition
excision of hemorrhoids, the varicosed veins in the rectal regions
Term
implantable cardiac defibrillator
Definition
a device implanted in the body that continuously monitors the heart rhythm. If life threatening dysrhythmias occur the device delivers an electric shock to convert the dysrhythmia back to a normal rhythm
Term
intracoronary thrombolytic therapy
Definition
an injection of an intravenous medication to dissolve blood clots in coronary (blood) vessels
Term
laser angioplasty
Definition
the use of light amplification by stimulated emission of radiation (laser beam) to open blocked arteries, especially in lower extremities
Term
mitral commissurotomy
Definition
surgical procedure to repair a stenosed mitral valve by breaking apart the leaves (commissures) of the valve
Term
percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (PTCA) 
Definition
procedure in which a balloon is passed through a blood vessel into a coronary artery to the area where plaque is formed. Inflation of the balloon compresses the plaque against the vessel wall, expanding the inner diameter of the blood vessel, which allows the blood to circulate more freely (balloon angioplasty)
Term
angiography
Definition
x-ray imaging of a blood vessel (after an injection of contrast medium; the procedure is named for the vessel to be studied, for example, femoral angiography)
Term
angioscope
Definition
instrument used for visual examination of a blood vessel
Term
angioscopy
Definition
visual examination of a blood vessel
Term
aortogram
Definition
x-ray image of the aorta (after an injection of contrast medium)
Term
arteriogram
Definition
x-ray image of an artery (after an injection of contrast medium)
Term
venogram
Definition
x-ray image of a vein (after injection of contrast medium)
Term
venography
Definition
x-ray imaging of a vein (after an injection of contrast medium)
Term
echocardiogram (ECHO)
Definition
record of the heart (structure and motion) using sound. Used to detect valvular disease and evaluate the heart during stress testing.
Term
electrocardiogram (ECG, EKG)
Definition
record of the electrical activity of the heart
Term
electrocardiograph
Definition
instrument used to record the electrical activity of the heart
Term
electrocardiography
Definition
process of recording the electrical activity of the heart
Term
erythrocyte count (RBC)
Definition
red cell count (number of red blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood)
Term
hematocrit (HCT)
Definition
separated blood (volume percentage of erythrocytes in whole blood after separation by centrifuge)
Term
leukocyte count (WBC)
Definition
white cell count (number of white blood cells per cubic millimeter of blood)
Term
lymphangiography
Definition
x-ray imaging of the lymphatic vessels (after an injection of contrast medium)
Term
digital subtraction angiography (DSA)
Definition
a process of digital x-ray imaging of the blood vessels that "subtracts" or removes structures not being studied
Term
Doppler ultrasound
Definition
a study that uses sound for detection of blood flow within the vessels. Used to assess intermittent claudication, deep vein thrombosis, and other blood flow abnormalities
Term
exercise stress test
Definition
a study that evaluates cardiac function during physical stress by riding a bike or walking on a treadmill. Electrocardiography, echocardiography, and nuclear medicine scanning are three types of tests performed to measure cardiac function while exercising. Echocardiography is fast becoming the preferred choice of testing over electrocardiography.
Term
single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT)
Definition
a nuclear medicine scan that visualizes the heart from several different angles. A tracer substance such as sestamibi or thallium is injected intravenously. The SPECT scanner creates images from the  tracer absorbed by the body tissues. It is used to assess damage to cardiac tissue.
Term
thallium test
Definition
a nuclear medicine test used to diagnose coronary artery disease and assess revascularization after coronary artery bypass surgery. Thallium, a radioactive isotope, is injected into the body intravenously; a radiation detector is placed over the heart and images are recorded. Thallium is taken up by the normal myocardial cels, but not in ischemia or infarction. These areas are identified as "cold" spots on the images produced. Thallium testing can be performed when the patient is at rest or it can be part of a stress test.
Term
transesophageal echocardiogram (TEE)
Definition
an ultrasound test that examines cardiac function and structure by using an ultrasound probe placed in the esophagus, which provides views of the heart structures
Term

cardiac catheterization

Definition
an examination to determine the condition of the heart and surrounding blood vessels. A catheter is passed into the heart through a blood vessel and is used to record pressures and injects a contrast medium, enabling the visualization of the great vessels and the heart chambers. Used most frequently to evaluate chest pain and coronary artery disease.
Term
impedance plethysmography
Definition
measures venous flow of the extremities with a plethysmograph to detect clots by measuring changes in blood volume and resistance (impedance) in the vein. Used to detect deep vein thrombosis.
Term
sphygmomanometer
Definition
device used for measuring blood pressure
Term
stethoscope
Definition
an instrument used to hear sounds produced by the heart, lungs, and bowels
Term
coagulation time
Definition
blood test to determine the time it takes for blood to form a clot
Term
complete blood count (CBC)
Definition
basic blood screening that includes tests on hemoglobin, hematocrit, red blood cell morphology (size and shape, leukocyte count, and white blood cell differential (types of WBCs)
Term
hemoglobin (Hgb)
Definition
blood test used to determine the concentration of oxygen-carrying components (hemoglobin) in red blood cells
Term
prothrombin time (PT)
Definition
blood test used to determine certain coagulation activity defects and to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking Coumadin, an oral anticoagulant medicine. (Activated partial thromboplastin time (PTT) is used to monitor anticoagulation therapy for patients taking heparin, an intravenous anticoagulant medication)
Term
bone marrow biopsy
Definition
needle puncture to remove bone marrow for study, usually from the sternum or ilium. Used to diagnose blood cell diseases, such as leukemia and anemia.
Term
atrioventricular (AV)
Definition
pertaining to the atrium and ventricle
Term
cardiac
Definition
pertaining to the heart
Term
cardiogenic
Definition
originating in the heart
Term
cardiologist
Definition
physician who studies and treats diseases of the heart
Term
cardiology
Definition
study of the heart (a branch of medicine that deals with disease of the heart and blood vessels)
Term
hematologist
Definition
physician who studies and treats diseases of the blood
Term
hematology
Definition
study of the blood (a branch of medicine that deals with diseases of the blood)
Term
hematopoiesis
Definition
formation of blood (cells)
Term
hemolysis
Definition
dissolution of (red) blood (cells)
Term
hemostasis
Definition
stoppage of bleeding
Term
hypothermia
Definition
condition of (body) temperature that is below (normal sometimes induced for various surgical procedures, such as bypass surgery)
Term
intravenous (IV)
Definition
pertaining to within the vein
Term
plasmapheresis
Definition
removal of plasma (from withdrawn blood)
Term
tachypnea
Definition
rapid breathing
Term
thrombolysis
Definition
dissolution of a clot
Term
auscultation
Definition
hearing sounds within the body through a stethoscope
Term
blood pressure (BP)
Definition
pressure exerted by the blood against the blood vessel walls. A blood pressure measurement written as systolic pressure (120) / diastolic pressure (80) is commonly recorded as 120/80.
Term
cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR)
Definition
 emergency procedure consisting of artificial ventilation and external cardiac massage
Term
diastole
Definition
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles relax between contractions (diastolic is the lower number of a blood pressure reading)
Term
extracorporeal
Definition
occurring outside the body. During open heart surgery extracorporeal circulation occurs when blood is diverted outside the bod to a heart-lung machine.
Term
extravasation
Definition
escape of blood from the blood vessel into the tissue
Term
heart murmur
Definition
a short-duration humming sound of cardiac or vascular origin
Term
hypertension
Definition
blood pressure that is above normal (greater than 140/90)
Term
hypotension
Definition
blood pressure that is below normal (less than 90/60)
Term
lumen
Definition
space within a tubular part or organ, such as the space within a blood vessel
Term
occlude
Definition
to close tightly, to block
Term
percussion
Definition
tapping of a body surface with the fingers to determine the density of the part beneath
Term
systole
Definition
phase in the cardiac cycle in which the ventricles contract (systolic is the upper number of a blood pressure reading)
Term
vasoconstrictor
Definition
agent or nerve that narrows the blood vessels
Term
vasodilator
Definition
agent or nerve that enlarges the blood vessels
Term
venipuncture
Definition
puncture or a vein to remove blood, instill a medication, or start an intravenous infusion
Term
anticoagulant 
Definition
agent that slows the clotting process
Term
dyscrasia
Definition
abnormal or pathologic condition of the blood
Term
hemorrhage
Definition
rapid flow of blood
Term
plasma
Definition
liquid portion of the blood in which elements or cells are suspended and that contains some of the clotting factors
Term
serum
Definition
liquid portion of the blood without the clotting factors
Term
ACS
Definition

acute coronary syndrome

(abbreviation)

Term
AV
Definition

atrioventricular

(abbreviation)

Term
BP
Definition

blood pressure

(abbreviation)

Term
CABG
Definition

coronary artery bypass graft

(abbreviation)

Term
CAD
Definition

coronary artery disease

 (abbreviation)

Term
CBC
Definition

complete blood count

(abbreviation)

Term
CCU
Definition

coronary care unit

(abbreviation)

Term
CHF
Definition

congestive heart failure

(abbreviation)

Term
CPR
Definition
cardiopulmonary resuscitation
Term
DSA
Definition

digital subtraction angiography

(abbreviation)

Term
DVT
Definition

deep vein thrombosis

(abbreviation)

Term
ECG, EKG
Definition

electrocardiogram

(abbreviation)

Term
ECHO
Definition

echocardiogram

(abbreviation)

Term
HCT
Definition

hematocrit

(abbreviation)

Term
Hgb
Definition

hemoglobin

(abbreviation)

Term
HHD
Definition

hypertensive heart disease

(abbreviation)

Term
IPG
Definition

impedance plethysmography

(abbreviation)

Term
IV
Definition

intravenous

(abbreviation)

Term
MI
Definition

myocardial infarction

(abbreviation)

Term
PAD
Definition

peripheral arterial disease

(abbreviation)

Term
PT
Definition

prothrombin time

(abbreviation)

Term
PTCA
Definition

percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty

(abbreviation)

Term
RBC
Definition

red blood cell (erythrocyte)

(abbreviation)

Term
SPECT
Definition

single-photon emission computed tomography

(abbreviation)

Term
TEE
Definition

transesophageal echocardiogram

(abbreviation)

Term
WBC
Definition

white blood cell (leukocyte)

(abbreviation)

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