Pertaining to relieve pain; a medication that relieves pain

(an-al-JEE-sik)

A surgical joining of two ducts, blood vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other. 

(an-nas-toh-MOH-sis)

Localized dilation of a weakened are of the wall of an artery. the weakened area balloons out with every pulsatino of the artery

(AN-yoo-rihzm)

Surgical removal of the sac of an aneurysm

(AN-yoo-riz-MEK-toh-mee)

Deviation form normal;

birth defect;

for example, cogenital anomaly

(ah-NOM-ah-lee)

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in teh inability to eat. Anorexia is seen in individuals who are depressed, with the onset of fever and illness, with stomach disorders, or as a result of excessive intake of alcohol or drugs

(an-oh-REK-see-ah)

Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inability to eat. Anorexia is seen in individuals who are depressed, with the onset of fever and illness, with stomach disorders, or as a result of excessive intake of alcohol or drugs. 

(an-oh-REK-see-ah)

Joint pain

(ar-THRAL-jee-ah)

An abnormal collectionof fluid within the peritoneal cavity (the peritoneum is the serous membrane that lines the entire abdominal cavity).

This fluid contains large amounts of protein and electrolytes.

General abdominal swelling occurs with ascites. 

(ah-SIGH-teez)

Absence of contractionso of the heart

(a-SIS-toh-lee)

A form of arteriosclerosis (hardening of the arteries) characterized by fatty deposits buidlig up within the inner layers of the walls of larger arteries. 

(ath-er-oh-scleh-ROH-sis)

Noncancerous; not progressive

(bee-NINE)

An abnormal sound or murmur heard with a stethoscope when listening to a carotide artery, organ, or gland; for example, during auscultation 

plural pronuncation: bree-EEZ

(brew-EE)

one who specializes in teh study of diseases and disorders of the heart

(car-dee-ALL-oh-jist)

The study of the heart 

(car-dee-ALL-oh-jee)

Inflammation of the heart muscles

(car-DYE-tis)

Cramplike pains in the calves of the legs caused by poor circulation to the muscles of the legs; commonly associated with atherosclerosis. 

(klaw-dih-KAY-shun)

One of the pair of arteries that branch from the aorta. The coronary arteries and their branches supply blood and oxygen to the heart muscle (myocardium). 

A fluid acumulatin in the tissues influenced by gravity; usually greater in teh lower extremities than in tissue levels above the level of the heart. 

(dependent eh-DEE-mah)

The period of relaxation of the heart, alternating with the contraction phase known as systole. 

(dye-ASS-toh-lee)

Abnormal rhythm

The graphic outline or record of movemetns of structures of the heart produced by ultrasonography (ultrasound)

(ek-oh-CAR-dee-oh-gram)

Inflammation of the inner lining of the heart

(en-doh-car-DYE-tis)

The inner layer of the pericardium, which is the double-folded membrane that encloses the heart

(ep-ih-CARD-ee-um)

Enlargement of the liver

(heh-pat-oh-MEG-ah-lee)

Pain felt in the calf of the leg, or behind the knee, when the examiner is purposefly dorsiflexing the foot of the patient (bending the toes upward toward the foot). If the patient feels pains, it is called a positive Homan's sign (indicating thrombophlebitis). 

An excessive level of fats in the blood

(high-per-lip-ih-DEE-mee-ah)

elevated blood pressure persistently highter than 135/85 mmHg

arterial hypertension

Insufficient oxygenatin of arterial blood

(high-pox-EE-mee-ah)

A localized area of necrosis (death) in tissue, a vessel, an organ, or a part resulting from lack of oxygen (anoxia) due to interruptted blood flow to the area

(in-FARC-shun)

Decreased supply of oxygenated blood to a body part or organ

(iss-KEY-mee-ah)

a wound, injury, or any pathological change in body tissue

(LEE-zhun)

any of a group of fats or fatlike substances found in the blood. 

examples: cholesterol, fatty acids, and triglycerides

A cavity or the channel within any organ or structure of the body; the space wihtin an artery, vein, intestine, or tube

(LOO-men)

A vague feeling of body weakness or discomfort, often indicating the onset of an illness or disease 

(mah-LAYZ)

A vague feeling of body weakness or discomfort, often indicating the onset of an illness or disease

(mah-LAYZ)

The area between the lungs in teh chest cavity tht contains teh heart, aorta, trachea, esophagus, and bronchi

(mee-dee-ass-TYE-num)

The middle muscular layer of the heart

(my-oh-CAR-dee-um)

Urination at night

(nok-TOO-ree-ah)

Clsure, or state of being closed

(ah-KLOO-shun)

An abnormal condition in which a person sits up straith or stand up to breathe comfortably

(or-THOP-nee-ah)

An abnormal condition in which a person sits up straight or stands up to breathe comfortably

(or-THOP nee-ah)

The double membranous sac that encloses the heart and the origins of the great blood vessles

(pair-ih-CAR-dee-um)

Small, purplish, hemorrhagic spots on teh skin; may be due to abnormality in the blood-clotting mechanism of the body

(peh-TEE-kee-ee)

An agent that protects against disease

(proh-fih-LAK-tik)

A hypersensitivity reaciton that may occur two to three weeks after administration of an antiserum. Symptoms include fever, enlargement of the spleen (splenomegaly), swollen lymph nodes, joint pain, adn skin rash

(SEE-rum)

A form of chorea (involuntary muscle twitching) associated with rheumatic fever, usually occurring in childhood 

(SID-en-hamz koh-REE-ah)

The contraction pahse of the heartbeat forcing blood intot he aorta and the pulmonary arteries.

Systole is marked by the first sound heard on auscultation, or the first pulse palpated, after the release of the blood pressure cuff (sphygmomanometer)

(SIS-toh-lee)

The formation or existence of a blood clot

(throm-BOH-sis)

A feeling of apprehension, worry, uneasiness, or dread, especially of the future 

(ang-ZIGH-eh-tee)

A slow heart rate characterized by a pulse rate under 60 beats per minute. 

(BRAD-ee-CAR-dee-ah)

Slightly bluish, grayish, slatelike, or dark discoloration of the skin due to the presence of abnormal amounts of reduced hemoglobin in the blood.

(sigh-ah-NO-sis)

Difficult breathing; air hunger resulting in labored or difficult breathing, sometimes accompanied by pain (normal when caused by vigorous work or athletic activity). 

(DISP-nee-ah)

a diffuse pain in different portionso fhte head and not confined to any nerve distribution area. 

(HED-ache)

Lack of color, paleness; an unnatural paleness or absence of color in the skin. 

(PAL-or)

Rapid, violent, or throbbing pulsation, as an abnormally rapid throbbing or fluttering of the heart.

The palpitation is felt by the patient. 

(pal-pih-TAY-shun)

Abnormal rapidity of heart action, usually defined as a heart rate over 100 beats per minute

(TAK-ee-CAR-dee-ah)

is severe pain and constriction about the heart, usually radiating to the left shoulder and down and the left arm, creating a feeling of presure in the anterior chest. 

(ah-JI-nah PECK-tor-si)

Compression of the heart caused by accumulation of blood or other fluid wihtin teh pericardial sac. The accumulation of luid in teh pericardial cavity prevents the ventricles from adequately filling pumping blood. 

Can be life threatening if left untreated 

(CAR-dee-ah TAM-poh-nod)

is disease of the heart muscle itself, primarily affecting the pumping ability of the heart. This noninflammatory disease of the heart results in enlargement of teh heart (cardiomegaly) and dysfunction of the ventricels of the heart. 

(CAR-dee-oh-my-OP-ah-thee)

Condition characterzed by weakness, breathlessness, abdominal discomfort. Edema in the lower portions of the body resulting from teh floow of the blood vessels being slowed (venous stasis) and the outflow of blood from teh left side of the heart is reduced. The pumpting ability of teh heart is progressively impaired to the pint that it no longer meets bodily needs; also known as cardiac failure. 

is the narrowing of the coronary arteries to the extent that adequate blood supply to teh myocardium is prevented. 

Treatments: 

Percutaneous transluminal coronary angioplasty (nonsurgical):

ballon inflated and stuff compressed

then replaced with stent

Directional Coronary Atherectomy:

plaque is shaved

Inflammation of the membrane lining of the valves and chambers of the heart caused by direct invasion of bacteria or other organisms and leading to deformity of the valve cusps. Abnormal growths called vegetations are formed on or within the membrane

(EN-doh-car-DYE-tis)

Heart attack: a condition caused by occlusion of one or more of the coronary arteries. This life-threatening condition results when myocardial tissue is destroyed in areas of the heart that are deprived of an adequate blood supply due to the occluded vessels. 

Inflammation of the myocardium may be caused by viral or bacterial infections or may be a result of systemic diseases such as rheumatic fever. This may also be caused by fungal infections, serum sickness, or a chemical agent. 

(MY-oh-car-DYE-tis)

Inflammation of the pericardium (the saclike membrnae that covers the heart muslce). It may be acute or chronic. 

(per-ih-car-DYE-tis)

An inflammatory disease that may develop as a delayed reaction to insufficiently treated group A beta-hemolytic streptococcal infection of the upper respiratory tract.

(roo-MAT-ic fever)

A localized dilatation of an artery formed at a weak point in t vessel wall. this weakened area balloons out with each pulsation of the artery

(AN-yoo-rizm)

An arterial condition in which there is thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries, resulting in decreased blood supply, especially to the lower extremities and cerebrum This is also called hardening of the arteries. 

(ar-TEE-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)

An arterial condition in which there is thickening, hardening, and loss of elasticity of the walls of arteries, resulting in decreased blood supply, especially to the lower extremities and cerebrum. This is also called hardening of the arteries. 

(ar-TEE-ree-oh-skleh-ROH-sis)

Intermittent attacks of vasoconstriction of the arterioles (causing pallor of the fingers or toes), followed by cyanosis and then redness before returning to normal color; initiated by exposure to cold or emotional distrubance. 

(ray-NOZ feh-NOM-eh-non)

Inflammation of a vein associated with the formation of a thrombus (clot); usually occurs in an extremity, most frquently a leg

(throm-boh-fleh-BY-tis)

Enlarged, superficial veins; a twisted, dilated vein with incompetent valves

(VAIR-ih-kohs veins)

An abnormal circulatory condition characterized by decreased return of venous blood from the legs to the trunk of the body

(VEE-nuss in-soo-FISH-in-see) 

A congenital heart defect characterized by a localized narrowing of the aorta, which resutls in increased blood pressure in the upper extremities (area proximal to the defect) and decreased blood pressure in the lower extremities (area distal to the defect) 

(KOH-ark-TAY-shun)

is an abnormal opening between the pulmonary artery and the aorta caued by failure of the fetal ductus arteriosus to close after birth. 

This defect is seen primarily in premature infants.

(PAY-tent DUCK-tus ar-TEE-ree-OH-sis)

A congenital heart anomaly that consists of four defects:

1)pulmonary stenosis, (narrowing of the opening into the pulmonary artery from the right ventricle) 

2)interventricular septal defect,

3)dextroposition (shifting to the right) of the aorta so that it receivs blood from both ventricels,

4)and hypertrophy of the right ventricle

named form the French physician, Etienne Fallot, who first described the condition 

(teh-TRALL-oh-jee of fal-LOH)

A condition in which the two major arteries of the heart are reversed in position, which results in two noncommunicating circulatory systems. 

(tranz-poh-ZIH-shun)

Fibrillation

(atrial/ventricular)

Atrial fibrillationis extremely rapid, incomplete contractions of the atria resulting in disorganized and uncoordinated twitching of the atria. 

(fih-brill-AY-shun)

is a condition in which the ventricles of the heart beat at a rate greater than 100 beats per minute; characterized by three or more consecutive premature ventricular contractions (PVCs). 

Also known as "V-tach" (VT)

(ven-TRIK-yoo-lar TAK-ee-CAR-dee-ah)

X-ray visualization of the internal anatomy of the heart and blood vessels after introducing a radiopaque substance (contrast medium) that promotes the imaging (makes them visible) of internal structures at are otherwise difficult to see on X-ray film. This substance is injected into an artery or a vein. 

(an-jee-OG-rah-fee)

A diagnostic procedure in which a catherter is introduced into a large vein or artery (usually of an arm or a leg) and then threaded through the circulatory system to the heart. 

It is used to obtain detailed information abou tht estructure and funciton of the heart chambers, valves, and the great vessels. 

(CAR-dee-ak cath-eh-ter-ih-ZAY-shun)

are performed on samples of blood obtained by venipuncture to determine the presence of damage to the myocardial muscle

(CAR-dee-ak EN-zyms test)

is a diagnostic X-ray technique that uses ionizaing radiation to produce a cross-sectional image of the body. It is often used to detect aneurysms of the aorta. 

X-ray signals are fed into a computer, which then turns them into a cross-sectional picture of hte section of the body being scanned;

called CAT scan

(computed AK-see-al toh-MOG-rah-fee)

is a diagnostic procedure for studying the sturcture and motion of the heart. It is useful in evaluating structural and functional changes in a variety of heart disorders. 

(ek-oh-car-dee-OG-rah-fee)

is a graphic record (visual representation) of the electrical action of the heart as reflected from various angles to the surface of the skin; known as an EKG or ECG

(ee-lek-troh-CAR-dee-oh-gram) 

is similar to the Holter monitor in that it also records the electrical activity of the heart while the patient goes about usual daily activites. 

It can be used for a longer period of time than a Holter monitor. 

Implantable Cardioverter Defibrillator

(ICD)

Magnetic Resonance Imagining 

(MRI)

Positron Emission Tomography 

(PET)

A computeried X-ray technique that uses radioactive substances to examine the blood flow and the metabolic activity of various body structures such as teh heart and blood vessles. The patient is given doses of strong radioactive tracers by injection or inhalation. The radiation emitted is measured by the PET camera. 

(PAHZ-ih-tron ee-MISH-un toh-MOG-rah-fee)

measures the amount of fatty substances (cholestorl, triglycerides, and lipoproteins) in a smaple of blood obtained by venipuncture

(SEE-rum LIP-id test)

one of several nuclear stress tests, is a combination of exercise stress testing with thallium imagining (myocardial perfusion scan) to assess changes in coronary blood flow during exercise

(THAL-ee-um stess test)