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Chapter 10 - Personality Disorders
Personality Disorders
117
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
04/10/2011

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Term
personality trait
Definition
enduring pattern of perceiving, relating to, and thinking about the environment and others, a pattern ingrained in the matrix of the individuals psychological makeup
Term
personality disorder
Definition
long-lasting maladaptive pattern of inner experience and behavior, dating back to adolescence or young adulthood, that is manifested in at least two of four areas
Term
4 areas in which personality disorders can manifest from
Definition
  • cognition
  • affectivity
  • interpersonal functioning
  • impulse control
Term
what makes personality disorders such a challenge?
Definition
they involve the whole fabric of an individuals being
Term
2 aspects of life history that clinicians look at in making diagnosis of personality disorders
Definition
  • have the persons problems been long-term and pervasive throughout life?
  • are they related to a particular event or relationship?
Term
under what circumstances might one make the diagnosis of personality disorder?
Definition
if the problems appear deeply entrenched and long-standing
Term
prevalence of personality disorder in US
Definition
1 to 3 percent
Term
4 at risk groups for personality disorders
Definition
  • young
  • students
  • homemakers
  • drug and alcohol abusers
Term
3 issues complicating diagnosis
Definition
  • co-morbidity
  • reliability and validity of diagnostic criteria
  • axis i disorders interacting with the symptoms of the personality disorder
Term
dsm-iv-tr diagnoses sets
Definition
clusters
Term
3 clusters of dsm-iv-tr diagnoses for personality disorder
Definition
  • a
  • b
  • c
Term
3 disorders of cluster a and 2 behavioral associations
Definition
  • paranoid disorder
  • schizoid disorder
  • schizotypal disorder
  • odd and eccentric behavior
Term
4 disorders of cluster b and 3 behavioral associations
Definition
  • anti-social disorder
  • borderline disorder
  • histrionic disorder
  • narcissistic disorder
  • overdramatic behavior
  • emotinal behavior
  • erratic or unpredictable behavior
Term
3 disorders of cluster c and 2 behavioral associations
Definition
  • avoidant disorder
  • dependent disorder
  • ocd disorder
  • anxios behavior
  • fearful behavior
Term
anti-social personality disorder
Definition
characterized by a lack of regard for society's moral or legal standards
Term
2 terms commonly used to describe individuals with anti-social personality disorder
Definition
  • psychopath
  • sociopath
Term
pinel's initial description of anti-social personality disorder - la folie raisonnante - moral insanity
Definition
form of madness in which the individual exhibited impulsive and even destructive behaviors wile maintaining rational thought
Term
male and female prevalence rate of anti-social personality disorder
Definition
  • 4.5 percent males
  • 0.8 percent females
Term
harvey cleckley
Definition
wrote The Mask of Sanity, which represented the first scientific attempt to list and categorize the behaviors of the "psychopathic" personality
Term
psychopathy - cleckley
Definition
personality type characterized by a cluster of traits that constitutes the core of what is now called anti-social personality disorder
Term
9 characteristics of psychopathology
Definition
  • lack of remorse/shame
  • poor judgement/failure to learn from experience
  • extreme egocentricity/incapacity to love
  • lack of emotional response to others
  • impulsivity
  • absence of nervousness
  • unreliability
  • untruthfulness
  • insincerity
Term
semantic dementia
Definition
psychopath's inability to react appropriately to expressions of emotionality
Term
2 factors of psychopathy checklist-revised
Definition
  • core psychopathic personality traits
  • antisocial lifestyle
Term
6 core psychopathic personality traits
Definition
  • glibness and superficial charm
  • grandiose sense of self-worth
  • tendency towards pathological lying
  • lack of empathy for others
  • lack of remorse
  • unwillingness to accept responsibility for one's actions
Term
6 anti-social lifestyle traits
Definition
  • impulsivity
  • ustable lifestyle
  • juvenile delinquency
  • early behavioral problems
  • lack of realistic long-term goals
  • need for constant stimulation
Term
7 diagnostic features of anti-social personality disorder
Definition
  • repeated engagement in behavior that are grounds for arrest
  • deceitfulness (lying, false ids, conning)
  • impulsivity or failure to plan ahead
  • irritability and aggressiveness
  • reckless disregard for safety of others
  • irresponsibility
  • lack of remorse
Term
adult anti-social behavior
Definition
illegal or immoral behavior, such as stealing, lying, and cheating
Term
antisocial vs. criminal - criminal
Definition
meaning in the legal system but is not a psychological concept
Term
prevalence of anti-social personality disorder within the prison system
Definition
40 to 75 percent
Term
disorder that predisposes young people to develop anti-social personality disorder
Definition
conduct disorder
Term
maturation hypothesis - anti-social personality disorder
Definition
aging brings with it a reduction of cluster b traits of acting out, impulsivity, and extreme behaviors
Term
2 biological theories of anti-social behavior
Definition
  • brain abnormalities
  • genetic inheritability

 

Term
2 brain abnormalities
Definition
  • defects in prefrontal lobes of cerebral cortex (area assoc with planning and morality
  • deficits in area of the brain responsible for emotional processing

 

Term
genetic inheritance
Definition
  • heritability of criminality and psychopathy
  • genetic predisposition
Term
percent of gene-environment equation explaining anti-socail personality disorder
Definition
50 percent
Term
3 psychological theories of anti-social personality disorder
Definition
  • neuropsychological defects
  • response modulation hypothesis
  • social cognitive
Term
2 elements of modulation hypothesis
Definition
  • psychopaths are unable to process any info that is not relevant to their primary goals and so psychopaths learn to avoid punishment when this is their main goal 
  • if attention focused elsewhere, however, they ignore info that would allow them to avoid aversive consequences
Term
social cognitive theory
Definition
regards low self-esteem as causal factor in anti-socail personality disorder
Term
3 sociocultural theories of anti-social personality disorder
Definition
  • family - parent relationship
  • early environment - child rearing
  • socialization - abuse
Term
3 treatments of anti-social personality disorder
Definition
  • getting clients to feel worse about themselves and their situation
  • confrontational approach
  • group therapy
Term
borderline personality disorder
Definition
characterized by a pervasive pattern of instability, most evident in relationships, mood, and sense of identity
Term
borderline
Definition
individuals functioning somewhere at the border between neurosis and psychosis, perhaps a variant of schizophrenia, mood disorder, or a hybrid between the two
Term
8 diagnostic features of borderline personality disorder
Definition
  • frantic effort to avoid abandonment
  • unstable interpersonal relationship - changes between idealizing and devaluing others
  • identity disturbance
  • impulsivity - spending, sex, substance, driving
  • cemotional instability - few hours or days
  • chronic feeling of emptiness
  • temper, anger, recurrent fights
  • stress-related paranoid thinking
Term
2 characteristics of depression associated with borderline personality disorder
Definition
  • feelings of emptiness
  • variable negative emotionality
Term
splitting - borderline personality disorder trait
Definition
perceptions of others as entirely good or entirely bad
Term
identity - borderline personality disorder association
Definition
unsure of what they want out of life and lack a firm grasp of their sense of self leading to sudden shifts in life choices such as career plans, values, goals, and types of friends
Term
boredom - borderline personality trait
Definition
in attempts to fend off boredom they may engage in impulsive behaviors such as promiscuity, careless spending, reckless driving, binge eating, substance abuse, or shoplifting
Term
parasuicide - borderline personality trait
Definition
not intent on killing themselves but want attention from family, a lover, or professionals
Term
emotional dysregulation
Definition
  • lack of awareness, understanding, or acceptance of emotions 
  • inability to control intensity or duration of emotions, unwillingness to experience emotional distress as an aspect of pursuing goals
  • inability to engage in goal-directed behaviors when experiencing distress
Term
2 biological theories of borderline personality disorder
Definition
  • neurotransmitter dysregulation
  • brain abnormalities
Term
2 neurotransmitter dysregulation
Definition
  • hypersensitive noradrenergic pathways - sexual abuse and effects on brain
  • abnormalities in serotonergic receptors in brain - impulsivity
Term
2 brain abnormalities
Definition
  • smaller hippocampus
  • smaller amygdala
Term
3 psychological theories of borderline personality disorder
Definition
  • negative experience within family
  • deficits in formation of self
  • cognitive behaviorist - maladaptive thoughts
Term
3 predicting variable of borderline personality disorder
Definition
  • disturbed childhood environment
  • parental psychopathology
  • childhood abuse
Term
4 steps causing deficits in formation of self
Definition
  • overinvolved mother with child but inconsistent in her emotional responsiveness
  • mother fails to bolster child's independent sense of self, setting stage for identity crisis and inability to commit to life goals
  • child fails to develop healthy, independent self
  • individual then perceives others in distorted way and build a false self fused with these distorted perceptions
Term
cognitive behavioral theory - all or nothing approach
Definition
people with this diorder tend to dichotomize their thinking about themsleces and others - all or nothing leading to a tendency to shift moods and use splitting in relationships
Term
3 sociocultural theories of borderline personality disorder
Definition
  • pressures of contemporary society - deficiencies in parenting
  • diminished cohesion of society - instability within society
  • parental relationship - conflicts between parents leads to an internally divided feeling
Term
7 treatments of borderline personality disorder
Definition
  • emotional regulation on behalf of therapist
  • keeping client grounded in reality
  • clear treatment framework - setting goals
  • determining need of support or confrontation
  • dialectical behavior therapy (dbt)
  • medication
  • hospitalization

 

Term
dialectical behavior therapy (dbt) - marsha linehan
Definition
approach that integrates supportive and cognitive behavior treatments to reduce the frequency of self-destructive acts and to improve the clients ability to handle disturbing emotions, such as anger and dependency
Term
dialectical
Definition
refers to systematically combining opposed ideas with the goal of reconciling them
Term
strategy used in dialectical behavior therapy - acceptance and change
Definition
to alternate between accepting clients as they are and confronting their disturbing behavior to help them change in a supportive therapeutic relationship and is particular useful in treating suicidal behaviors
Term
5 specific methods used in within the framework of dbt
Definition
  • regulating emotions
  • developing interpersonal effectiveness
  • leaning to tolerate emotional distress
  • developing self-management skills
  • core mindfulness
Term
core mindfulness
Definition
teaches clients to balance emotions, reason, and intuition in their approach to life's problems
Term
histrionic personality disorder
Definition
characterized by exaggerated emotional reactions, approaching theatricality, in everyday behavior
Term
diagnostic features of histrionic personality disorder
Definition
  • discomfort when not center of attention
  • inappropriate sexually seductive/provocative
  • rapid shifts/shallow expression of emotion
  • physical appearance to draw attention
  • speech is excessively impressionistic/lacking detail
  • self-dramatization. theatricality, exaggerated emotion
  • high suggestibility
  • misinterpretation of relationships as more intimate than they really are
Term
type of attachment associated with histrionic personality disorder
Definition
insecure
Term
CBT theory 1
Definition
people who suffer from mistaken assumptions underlying their approach to life and so to make up this deficit they seek attention and approval by acting in ways that are stereotypes of hyper-femininity or hyper-masculinity, believing this will elicit admiration and support from others
Term
5 CBT treatment
Definition
  • help client develop more effective ways of approaching problems and situations
  • work on goals
  • teach client how to think more precisely and objectively
  • self-monitoring strategies to keep impulsive tendencies in check
  • assertiveness skills to improve interpersonal relationships
Term
narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
unrealistic, inflated sense of their own importance, a trait known as grandiosity
Term
9 diagnostic features of narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
  • grandiose sense of self-importance
  • fantasies of success, power, brilliance, beauty, ideal love
  • they are "special"/understood only by the "special"
  • need for excessive admiration
  • sense of entitlement
  • exploitative interpersonal style
  • lack of empathy
  • envy of others/others are envious
  • arrogant behaviors and attitudes
Term
4 subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
  • elitist
  • amorous
  • unprincipled
  • compensatory
Term
elitist subtype
Definition
privileged and empowered and tend to flaunt status and achievements
Term
amorous subtype
Definition
sexually seductive, yet avoidreal intimacy and are drawn to tempting naive and emotionally needy people with whom they feel they can play a game with to exploit the other's warm body
Term
unprincipled subtype 
Definition
much like anti-socials in that thy tend to be unscrupulous, deceptive, arrogant, and expolitive and act as victim when caught doing something illegal or wrong
Term
compensatory subtype
Definition
negativistic, seeking to counteract their feelings of inferiority by creating illusions of being superior and exceptional
Term
psychoanalytic theory narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
failure to progress beyond the early stages of psychosexual development
Term
object relations theory narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
parent-child relationship in the developing the child's sense of self in that every child needs parents to provide reassurance and positive responses to accomplishments and without them, the child becomes insecure
Term
narcissistic personality disorder paradox
Definition
insecure attachment style and self-doubt is expressed in inflated sense of self-importance that can be understood as individuals attempt to make up for what was missing earlier in life
Term
CBT theory narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
hold maladaptive ideas about themselves, including the view that they are exceptional people who deserve to be treated far better than ordinary humans resulting in a lack of insight and concern for others
Term
psychodynamic treatment narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
provide a corrective developmental experience in which the therapist uses empathy to support the clients search for recognition and admiration while at the same time guiding client towards more realistic appreciation that no one is flawless
Term
CBT treatment narcissistic personality disorder
Definition
reducing clients grandiosity and enhancing clients ability to relate to others by structuring interventions that work with, rather than against, the clients self-aggrandizing and egocentric tendencies
Term
paranoid personality disorder
Definition
extremely suspicious of others and always on guard against potential danger or harm
Term
paranoia
Definition
suspiciousness, guardedness, and vigilance towards others based on the belief that others intend harm
Term
7 diagnostic features of paranoid personality disorder
Definition
  • unjustified suspicion harm, exploitation, deception
  • unjustified doubes loyalty and trustworthiness
  • reluctance to confide/others use info against them
  • hidden threats in harmless remarks or events
  • tendency to bear grudges
  • perception of personal attack not apparent to others and counterattacking in response
  • unjustified suspicious about faithfulness of partner of spouse
Term
problematic relationships paranoid personality disorder
Definition
keep others at distance because of irrational fears that others will harm them and are particularly sensitive to people in positions of power
Term
paranoid attachment type
Definition
fearful attachment style
Term
psychodynamic theory paranoid personality disorder
Definition
style of viewing world in which individual relies on defense mechanism of projection, meaning that other people, rather than the self, are perceived as having negative or damaging motives
Term
2 CBT theory paranoid personality disorder
Definition
  • someone who suffers from mistaken assumption about the world and who attributes personal problems and mistakes to others
  • assumptions that people have to vigilant to avoid being harmed related to feelings of low self-efficacy leading paranoid people to believe they cannot detect harmful intentions of others and have to be on guard
Term
3 basic misconceptions CBT theory paranoid personality disorder
Definition
  • people are malevolent and deceptive
  • they'll attack you if they get the chance
  • you can be OK only if you stay on your toes
Term
nutritional deficiency during prenatal period
Definition
risk factor in developing schizoid personality disorder by 18
Term
2 treatments of schizoid personality disorder
Definition
  • must be careful to avid setting unrealistically high goals for therapy because progress with these individuals is likely to be low and limited in scope
  • helping the client work on styles of communication by role playing and in vivo exposure

 

Term
schizotypal personality disorder
Definition
peculiar, eccentric, oddly bizarre in the way they think, behave, and relate to others, even in how they dress including magical thinking and beliefs in psychic phenomenon such as clairvoyance and telepathy
Term
schizotypal personality disorder as latent form of schizophrenia
Definition
people with schizotypal symptoms are vulnerable to developing a full-blown psychosis if exposed to difficult life circumstances that challenge their ability to maintain contact with reality
Term
9 diagnostic features of schizotypal personality disorder
Definition
  • ideas of reference
  • odd beliefs or magical thinking
  • unusual perceptual experiences/bodily illusions
  • odd thinking and speech
  • suspiciousness or paranoid ideation
  • inappropriate or constricted affect
  • eccentric behavior and appearance
  • lack of close friends other than relatives
  • excessive social anxiety associated with paranoia
Term
treatment of schizotypal personality disorder
Definition

similar to those used to treat schizophrenic patients

  • establishing therapeutic alliance before confronting distortions of reality or tying to persuade them to take anti-psychotic medication
Term
avoidant personality disorder
Definition
intimidated by by social situations, fearful of any kind of involvement with others, and terrified by the prospect of being publicly embarrassed
Term
7 diagnostic criteria of avoidant personality disorder
Definition
  • avoidance fear criticism, dissapproval, rejection
  • unless certain of being liked no relationships
  • intimate relationships fear of being shamed, ridiculed
  • preoccupation with being criticized social situation
  • feelings of inadequacy
  • feel they are socially inept, unappealing, inferior
  • reluctant to take risks, try things fear of embarrassment
Term
avoidant personality disorder shares similar characteristics to....
Definition
schizoid personality disorder but people with avoidant personality disorder really desire closeness and feel pain about seeming inability to make connections with others where schizoids don't
Term
avoidant personality disorder continuum
Definition
normal personality trait of shyness to anxiety disorder of social phobia with avoidant personality disorder being more severe form of social phobia (more introverted and depressive symptoms)
Term
2 genetic links avoidant personality disorder
Definition
  • relatives of people with social phobia with and without avoidant personality disorder higher risk for experiencing excessive social anxiety
  • more prevelant in the parents of people who developed schizophrenia in childhood
Term
psychodynamic theory avoidant personality disorder
Definition
individuals fear of attachment in relationshipships
Term
3 CBT theory avoidant personality disorder
Definition
  • hypersensitive to rejection die to childhood experiences of extreme parental
  • criticism as they believe as a result that they are flawed and unworthy of others regard
  • sensitivity to rejection causes them to misinterpret seemingly neutral or positive remarks
Term
3 CBT treatments of avoidant personality disorder
Definition
  • breakdown negative cycle of avoidance by making client see the irrationality of these beliefs in supportive atmosphere
  • graduated exposure to increasingly threatening social situations 
  • training in specific skills to improve intimate relationships
Term
dependent personality disorder
Definition
strongly drawn towards other but are so clinging and passive that they may achieve the opposite of their desires as others become impatient with their lack of autonomy - "clingy"
Term
8 diagnostic criteria dependent personality disorder
Definition
  • difficulty w/ decisions w/o advice or reassurance
  • need for others to assume responsibility for them
  • difficulty disagreeing b/c fear of loss of support
  • difficulty initiating projects b/c low self-esteem
  • excessive lengths to obtain nurturance and support
  • discomfort or helplessness when alone
  • pursuit of another relationship as source of care following end of another relationship
  • preoccupation with fear of taking care of self
Term
psychodynamic theory dependent personality disorder
Definition
having regressed to or become fixated at oral stage of development because of parental overindulgence or parental neglect of dependency needs
Term
2 object relations theory dependent personality disorder
Definition
  • insecurely attached, constantly fearing abandonment
  • low self-esteem causes they to rely on others for guidance and support

 

Term
family environment scale dependent personality disorder
Definition
consistent with object relations theory noting that families of people with dependent personality disorder tend to have high ratings on the factor of control but low ratings on factor of independence
Term
3 CBT theory dependent personality disorder
Definition
  • unassertiveness and anxiety dominate over making independent decisions
  • dependent folks believe they are inadequate and helpless and unable to deal with problems on their own and
  • as result find someone else who will take care of them and relieve them of obligation to make independent decisions
Term
3 treatmensts dependent personality disorder
Definition
  • more optimistic than most because of motivation to change
  • structured ways for client to practice increasing levels of independence in carrying out daily activities
  • client learns to id actual areas of skill deficits and to acquire abilities necessary to perform skills
Term
obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Definition
feel immobilized by their inability to make decisions in that they are intensely perfectionist and inflexible, overwhelmingly concerned about neatness an minor details of life, and express these attributes in a number of maladaptive ways
Term
8 diagnostic criteria of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Definition
  • details, rules, order, organization, schedules to extent that point of activity is lost
  • perfectionism interfering with task completion
  • devotion to work/productivity at expense of leisure
  • overconscientious, scrupulous, inflexible about morality, ethics, values
  • inability to discard worn-out worthless objects
  • reluctance to delegate tasks to others
  • miserly spending style toward self and others
  • rigidity and stubbornness
Term
gender ratio of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Definition
more common in general and seen more often in men than women
Term
psychodynamic theory of obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Definition
fixation at or regression to anal stage of psychosexual development
Term
3 CBT theory obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Definition
  • based on problematic way of viewing self
  • unrealistic expectations about being perfect and avoiding mistakes
  • if fail to achieve ideal they regard themselves as worthless

 

Term
treatment obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
Definition
  • thought stopping
Term
4 issues of biopsychosocial perspective
Definition
  • focus on root of problem in some cases of personality disorders and change in others
  • therapeutic alliance
  • draw upon multiple theoretical perspectives
  • challenge because of chronic and persistent nature and difficulty in identifying qualities
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