Term
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Definition
Zygote: fertilized egg that contains chromosomes form both a sperm and an egg.
Germinal stage: the 2-week period of development that begins at contraception.
Embryonic stage: period of development that lasts from the second week until about the eighth week.
Fetal stage: development from ninth week until birth.
Myelination: the formation of fatty sheath around the axons of a brain cell. |
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Term
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Definition
| Agents that damage the process of development, such as drugs and viruses. |
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Term
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Definition
Motor development: the emergence of the ability to execute physical actions.
Reflexes: specific patterns of motor response that are triggered by specific patterns of sensory stimulation.
Cephalocaudal rule: the tendency for motor skills to emerge in sequence from head to feet ("top-to-bottom" rule)
Proximodistal rule: tendency for motor skills to emerge from center to the periphery ("inside-to-outside" rule). |
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Term
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Definition
The emergence of the ability to understand the world.
Schemas: theories about or models of the way the world works.
Assimilation: infants apply their schemas in novel situations.
Accommodation: infants revise their schemas in light of new information.
Piaget's Four Stages: sensorimotor, preoperational, concrete operational, formal operational. |
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Term
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Definition
Birth-2 years
Infant experiences world through movement and senses, develops schemas, begins to act intentionally, and shows evidence of understanding object permanence. |
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Term
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Definition
2-6 years
Child acquires motor skills but does not understand conservation of physical properties. Begins this stage by thinking egocentrically but ends with a basic understanding of other minds. |
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Term
| Concrete Operational Stage |
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Definition
6-11 years
Child can think logically about physical objects and events and understands conservation of physical properties. |
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Term
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Definition
11+ years
Child can think logically about abstract propositions and hypotheticals. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that objects continue to exist even when they are not visible. |
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Term
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Definition
| The notion that the quantitative properties of an object are stable despite changes in the object's appearance. |
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Term
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Definition
| The failure to understand that the world appears differently to different observers. |
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Term
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Definition
| The idea that human behavior is guided by mental representation, which gives rise to the realization that the world is not always the way it looks and that different people see it differently. |
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Term
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Definition
Cognitive development is a result of children's interaction with members of their own cultures rather than interaction with objects.
Zone of proximal development- a range of skills that any child is capable of acquiring at any age. |
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Term
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Definition
Secure- child is comfortable to explore, distressed by caregiver leaving but comforted upon return.
Avoidant- child ignores parent, shows no emotion when separated.
Ambivalent- child is anxious before parent leaves, very distressed by leaving and ambivalent upon return (clinging or hitting caregiver). |
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Term
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Definition
Authoritarian- rigid and punitive/demanding bu unresponsive
Permissive- lax, submit to child's desire/responsive but undemanding
Authoritative- firm but provide info about expectations and punishment/demanding and responsive
Uninvolved- emotionally detached, provide only basic needs/undemanding and unresponsive |
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Term
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Definition
| Characteristic patterns of emotional reactivity. |
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Term
| Kohlberg's 3 Stages of Moral Development |
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Definition
Preconventional stage- what's right vs. wrong depends on outcome, fairness is relative to self interest
Conventional- desire to maintain social order and approval, being a "good" girl/boy
Postconventional- broad principles that transcend laws; justice, equality, value of life
Bias--toward individual cultures, toward gender (only tested males) |
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Term
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Definition
Moral judgements are the consequences of emotional reactions; our judgements justify our feelings. Some things just feel wrong.
Empathy: the ability to share feelings with others.
Delayed gratification: rejecting small immediate gain for later larger gain. |
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Term
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Definition
Boys- better athletically, more popular, more self-confident, more delinquency, more alcohol abuse.
Girls- higher self-esteem, have sex earlier, sexual harassment, lower grades, poor body image. |
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Term
| Socioemotional Selectivity Theory |
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Definition
As people age, they devote attention toward emotionally satisfying goals.
Less time thinking about future, more time thinking about present.
Preference for positive over negative information. |
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