Term
| Weather involves little or no movement of what? |
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Definition
| Decomposed rocks and minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| The removal of weathered rocks that occurs when water wind ice or gravity transports materials to new location |
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Term
| How does weathering erosion transport and deposition usually occur? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The disintegration of rock into smaller particles |
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Term
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Definition
| The decomposition of rocks when reacts to air water or other agents. |
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Term
| Pressure-release fracturing |
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Definition
| As overlying rock erodes away, pressure on underlying rock is decreased, causing the underlying rock to fracture as it expands |
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Term
| What 5 processes cause mechanical weathering? |
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Definition
| pressure release fracturing,frost wedging,abrasion,organic activity and thermal expansion and contraction |
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Term
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Definition
| water freezes in cracks and then expands |
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Term
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Definition
| An accumulation of loose angular rocks created from frost wedging |
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Term
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Definition
| Grinding of rock surfaces by friction |
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Term
| What sphere does pressure-release fracturing occur in..only!? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Cracks expanded by tree roots |
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Term
| Thermal Expansion and contraction |
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Definition
| Temperature changes cause fracturing |
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Term
| How does water dissolve minerals? |
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Definition
| Water pulls on the molecules if the water is stronger than the bond the molecule moves with the water but it if is not the molecule will stay. |
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Term
| rocks dissolve when water is more __________ or ______________ |
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Definition
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Term
| T/F Water found in nature is never pure |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Rocks or minerals dissolve forming a solution |
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Term
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Definition
| When water reacts with a mineral to form a new mineral utilizing the water as part of its crystal structure |
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Term
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Definition
| decomposition with reaction to oxygen |
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Term
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Definition
| Dissolved salt in water located in pores of rocks widen cracks and push minerals apart |
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Term
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Definition
| Fracture occurring when shells or concentric plates split way from rock mass. |
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Term
| What is the only rock-forming silicate mineral that does not weather? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why is quartz the primary component of sand? |
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Definition
| It is strong and is resistant to weathering |
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Term
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Definition
| Thin layer of materials on top of bedrock |
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Term
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Definition
| Upper layers or rigolith that support plant growth |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| plants sticks animals etc... items that have fallen to surface |
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Term
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Definition
| Dark component of soil consisting of litter that has been decomposed enough that the original source items cannot be determined. |
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Term
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Definition
| Distinguishable from other layers by chemical and physical properties |
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Term
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Definition
| Uppermost soil layer, consisting mostly of litter ad humus with a small portion of minerals |
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Term
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Definition
| The second layer, composed of humus, sand, silt and clay |
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Term
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Definition
| Also known as "subsoil", it is the transitional zone between topsoil and the weathered parent rock below |
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Term
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Definition
| The lowest layer consisting partially |
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Term
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Definition
| The dark colored surface soil |
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Term
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Definition
| The downward movement of water |
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Term
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Definition
| The process by which water is pulled upward |
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Term
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Definition
| A soil type common in arid or semi-arid regions where soluble ions accumulate in the B horizon, forming caliche and clay |
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Term
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Definition
| A hard cement formed when calcium carbonate, in the form of the mineral calcite, is deposited in soil |
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Term
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Definition
| Soil type common in a moist climate; subsoil becomes rich in clay (aluminum and silicon) and has the reddish color of iron oxide |
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Term
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Definition
| A highly weathered soil rich in oxides |
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Term
| In what 2 ways does avg annual temperature affect soil formation? |
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Definition
| 1.Chemical reactions proceed better in warm temperatures 2.Plant growth and decay are temperature dependant |
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Term
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Definition
| The orientation of a slope |
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Term
| Why is time an important factor in determining the extent of weathering? |
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Definition
| chemical weathering happens very slowly in many environments |
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Term
| How have scientist determined how fast plant life grows in an area after being covered by hard rocks? |
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Definition
| A study of recent lava flows |
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Term
| How is surface soil created |
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Definition
| Weathering decomposes bedrock and plants add organic material to regolith |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| General term for mass wasting |
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Term
| What is an obvious factor in mass wasting |
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Definition
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Term
| What processes can reduce the stability of a slope |
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Definition
1.A stream can erode base
2.Roads being built and excavation |
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Term
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Definition
| Maximum slope or steepness |
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Term
| How do water molecules attract to sand grains |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| When loose, unconsolidated soil or sediment moves as a fluid |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a coherent block of material along a fracture; faster than flow |
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Term
| What 3 categories do landslides fall? |
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Definition
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Term
| How would an earthquake cause a landslide |
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Definition
| Shaking an unstable slope |
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Term
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Definition
| Rapid, free-falling motion (ex: the face of a steep cliff) |
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Term
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Definition
| The slow, downhill flow of rock or soil under the influence of gravity |
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Term
| How fast does a slow moving mudflow travel |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| sub category of mass wasting usually involving a downward slope. |
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Term
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Definition
| Describes the constant circulation of water among the sea, land, biosphere and atmosphere |
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Term
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Definition
| Surface water that flows to the oceans in streams and rivers |
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Term
| Why does most precipitation land on the ocean |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| Direct evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the leaf surfaces of plants. |
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Term
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Definition
| A moving body of water confined in a channel and flowing downslope |
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Term
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Definition
| Small stream flowing into a larger watershed |
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Term
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Definition
| Steepness or vertical drop |
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Term
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Definition
| The volume of water flowing downstream |
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Term
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Definition
| Feature describing the shape and roughness of a stream channel |
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Term
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Definition
| The floor of the stream channel |
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Term
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Definition
| The rising slopes bordering the sides of a stream channel |
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Term
| How do streams shape earth's surface? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| What does erosion and sediment transport depend on? |
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Definition
|
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the largest particles that a stream can transport |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum quantity of sediment that a stream can carry past a given amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| Direct evaporation of water into the atmosphere from the lead surfaces of plants |
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Term
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Definition
| A moving body of water confined in a channel and flowing downslope |
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Term
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Definition
| A Stream that feeds water into another stream or river |
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Term
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Definition
| The steepness or vertical drop of a stream over a specific distance |
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Term
| Besides describing movement of water the hydrologic cycle also describes what? |
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Definition
| The mechanism for the movement |
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Term
| Stream erosion and sediment transport depend on what? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| The volume of water flowing downstream. Measured in cubic meters |
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Term
|
Definition
| Describing the shape and roughness of a stream channel |
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Term
|
Definition
| The floor of a stream channel |
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Term
|
Definition
| The rising slopes bordering the sides of a stream channel |
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Term
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Definition
| A measure of the largest particles that a stream can transport |
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Term
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Definition
| The maximum quantity of sediment that a stream can carry past a given point in a given amount of time |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of a streams sediment load that carried for a considerable time in suspension free from contact with the streambed |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of the stream 's load that is transported |
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Term
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Definition
| Downward erosion by a stream into it's bed |
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Term
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Definition
| The deepest level to which a stream can erode it's bed |
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Term
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Definition
| Action of a low gradient stream as it cuts through into and erodes the bank |
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Term
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Definition
| A series of twisting curves or loops in the course of a stream |
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Term
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Definition
| A deposit of sediment in the slower water on the inside of a meander |
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Term
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Definition
| A crescent shaped lake created where a meander loop is cut off from a stream when the ends of the meander became plugged with sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| A river that flows in many shallow interconnecting channels |
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Term
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Definition
| The region that is drained by a single river |
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Term
| T/F Streams do continueously erode the landscape |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A fanshaped accumulation of sediment created where a steep mountain stream rapidly slows down as it reaches a relatively flat plain |
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Term
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Definition
| A nearly flat fan shaped accumulation of sediment |
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Term
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Definition
| Channels that split from the main stream |
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Term
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Definition
| The portion of a river delta that lies under water |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively high stream flow that overtops the stream banks covering land not usually under water |
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Term
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Definition
| Portion of river valley adjacent to the channel |
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Term
| Can levees negatively affect flood damage |
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Definition
| Yes by encouraging people to build on flood plains. |
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Term
| Why have erosion rates increased? |
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Definition
| Urban and agricultural development has destroyed natural plant communities that normally hold the soil |
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Term
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Definition
| A large island body of standing water |
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Term
| What ways are lakes created |
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Definition
1.Flowing ice eroded numerous depressions
2.Deposited sediment as they melted
3.Volcanic craters |
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Term
| When did most glacial lakes form |
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Definition
|
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Term
|
Definition
| A lake that forms in a depression created by a glacier |
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Term
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Definition
| A deep lake characterized by nearly pure water but low concentrations of plant nutrients thus sustaining. |
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Term
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Definition
| A relatively shallow lake characterized by abundant plant nutrients thus systaining multiple living organisms |
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Term
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Definition
| The boundry between upper warm and deeper cool water |
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Term
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Definition
| A lakes surface temperature changes in response to seasonal weather changes |
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Term
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Definition
| The proportional volume of a material that consists of pores or open spaces indicating the amount of water it can hold. |
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Term
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Definition
| The ability for a material to transmit water |
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Term
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Definition
| A subsurface zone below the water table in which the soil and bedrock are completely saturated with water. |
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Term
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Definition
| The top level of subsurface ground water at the top the zone of saturation and below the zone of aeration |
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Term
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Definition
| A subsurface zone above the water table where the rock or soil may be moist but not saturated |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
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Term
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Definition
| A body of rock storing a lot of ground water |
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Term
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Definition
| A place where the water table intersects the land surface and ground water flows or seeps onto the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| A localized water table above the main water table formed where a layer of rock lies above the main water table creating a locally saturated zone |
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Term
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Definition
| An inclined aquifer sandwiched between layers of impermeable rock and where the water in the lower part is under pressure from the wt of water above |
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Term
|
Definition
| A well drilled into an artesian aquifer |
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Term
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Definition
| An underground cavity or series of chambers created when groundwater dissolves large amounts of rock usually limestone. |
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Term
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Definition
| An icicle like dripstone of dissolved calcite precipitated from drops of water which hangs from the ceiling. |
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Term
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Definition
| A cone shaped deposit of dissolved calcite precipitated from drops of water that have fallen to the floor of a cavern |
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Term
|
Definition
| A cave deposit formed when a stalactite and stalagmite meet and fuse together |
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Term
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Definition
| A circular depression earth's surface caused by the collapse of a cavern roof or by the dissolution of surface rocks |
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Term
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Definition
| a type of irregular landscape that forms over limestone or other soluble rock and is characterized by caverns sinkholes and underground streams |
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Term
|
Definition
| A spring formed where hot ground water flows to the surface |
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Term
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Definition
| A type of hot spring that intermittently erupts with violent jets of hot water and stream when ground water comes in contact with hot rock |
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Term
| Do sinkholes form naturally? |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
| Extracted from earth's heat |
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Term
|
Definition
| Regions that are water soaked or flooded for all or part of the year |
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Term
| ________________are among the most biologically productive environments on earth. |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How long ago was the earth free of ice? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How many years ago did the glaciers begin to melt? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A massive accumulation of compacted snow and ice that forms on land and moves downslope or spreads outward under it's own weight |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glacier that forms in mt terrain |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glacier that covers 50,000 sq ft or more and spreads outward |
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Term
|
Definition
| Movement of a glacier in which the entire mass slides over bedrock |
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Term
| How far do some alpine glaciers flow? |
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Definition
| Peaks into lowland valleys |
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Term
| T/F no ice sheets exist in the North pole |
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Definition
|
|
Term
| How does water accumulate at the base of a galcier? |
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Definition
| Earth's heat melts ice near bedrock friction from glacier movement also generates heat. Water occupies less volume than an equal amount of ice. The result pressure from the wt of overlying ice favors melting. |
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Term
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Definition
| Movement of a glacier in which the ice flows as a viscous fluid. |
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Term
|
Definition
| A fracture or crack in the brittle upper 40 meters of a glacier formed when the glacier flows over uneven bedrock |
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Term
|
Definition
| A section of a glacier consisting of numerous crevasses and towering ice pinnacles |
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Term
|
Definition
| The higher elevation upper end of an alpine glacier |
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Term
| What does the relative rate of basil slip depend on? |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The lower altitude part of an alpine glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
| The boundry between permanant snow and seasonal snow |
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Term
|
Definition
| The end or foot of a glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
| A large chunk of ice that breaks from glacier into a body of water |
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|
Term
| What are the largest icebergs in the world? |
|
Definition
| those that break away from Antarctic ice shelf |
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Term
|
Definition
| Parrallel grooves and scratches in bedrock that form as rocks are dragged along at the base of a glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
| A glacially eroded valley with broad characteristic U-shaped cross section |
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Term
|
Definition
| A steep walled spoon shaped depression eroded into a mountain peak by a glacier |
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Term
| Glaciers _________ and ______________ a huge quantity of rock and sediment |
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Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A small lake at the base of a cirque |
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Term
|
Definition
| A series of lakes in a glacial valley |
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Term
|
Definition
| Pyramid shaped rock summit |
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Term
|
Definition
| A Shape narrow rib of rock |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small glacial valley above main valley |
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Term
|
Definition
| Deep narrow glacially carved valley |
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Term
|
Definition
| Any rock or sediment transported and deposited by a glacier or by glacial meltwater |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glacial drift that was deposited directly by glacial ice |
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Term
|
Definition
| Glacial drift that was first carried by a glacier and then transported and deposited in layers by a stream |
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Term
|
Definition
| Boulders usually different from bedrock in the immediate vicinity that were transported to their present location by a glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An end moraine that forms when a glacier is at its greatest advance before beginning to retreat |
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Term
|
Definition
| An end moraine that forms when a glacier is at its greatest advance |
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Term
|
Definition
| Forms at the new terminus of a glacier as the glacier stabilizes temporarily during retreat |
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Term
|
Definition
| The moraine formed when a glacier recedes steadily and deposited till in a relatively thin layer over a broad area |
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|
Term
| End moraines and ground moraines are both characteristics of both kinds of glaciers or just one? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a ridge like moraine that Forms from sediment |
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Term
|
Definition
| a moraine formed in or on the middle of a glacier by the merging of lateral moraine as 2 glaciers flow together |
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Term
|
Definition
| Elongate hills usually occuring in clusters formed when a glacier flows over and reshapes a mound of till or satisfied drift |
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Term
|
Definition
| Sediment deposited by streams flowing from the terminus of melting glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
| Outwash deposited in a narrow mountain valley by the streams flowing from an alpine glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
| a broad level surfaces formed when outwash spreads onto a wide valley or plain beyond a glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
| A small mound or ridge of stratified drift deposited by a stream that flows on top of within or beneath a glacier |
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|
Term
| How long ago did the oldest glaciers reach their max extent |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A long snakelike channel formed as the channel deposit of a stream within or beneath a melting glacier |
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Term
|
Definition
| A time of extensive glacial activity |
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Term
|
Definition
| The most recent ice age started 2-3 million years ago |
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Term
|
Definition
| The elliptical shape of earth's orbit |
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|
Term
| How did the slight variation in earth's orbit effect the pleistocene glaciers |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the angle of earth's axis |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| the circling or wobbling of earth |
|
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Term
|
Definition
| till that was deposited by glaciers so long ago that it became lithified into solid rock |
|
|
Term
| How much did the most recent N American ice sheet cover |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Today what do Terminal moraines form? |
|
Definition
| a broad band of rolling hills from montana across midwest to atlantic ocean |
|
|
Term
| How many times in the late pre-cambrian time were all continents completely covered by ice sheets |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| Between 1978 and 2009 the ice pack in the north polar regions decreased by how much? |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
| How much of the worlds ice does the antarctic cap contain |
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A thick mass if ice floating on the ocean |
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