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Chapter 1 vocab
vocabulary
34
Biology
Undergraduate 1
02/01/2009

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Term
Atom
Definition
the smallest unit of matter that retains the properties of an element
Term
Atomic mass
Definition
the total mass of an, which is the mass in grams of 1 mole of the atoms
Term
Atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom, unique for each element and designated by a subscript to the left of the elemental symbol
Term
Chemical reaction
Definition
the making and breaking of chemical bonds, leading to changes in the composition of matter
Term
Reactant
Definition
the starting material in a chemical reaction
Term
Products
Definition
a material resulting from a chemical reaction
Term
Compound
Definition
a substance consisting of 2 or more different elements combined in a fixed ration
Term
Covalent bonds
Definition
a type of bond in which two atoms share one or more pairs of valence electrons
Term
Non-polar covalent bonds
Definition
a type of covalent bond in which electrons are shared equally between two atoms of similar electronegativity
Term
Polar covalent bonds
Definition
a covalent bond between atoms that differ in electronegativity. The shared electrons are pulled closer to the more electronegative atom, making it slightly negative and the other atom slightly positive
Term
Dalton
Definition
a measure of mass for atoms and subatomic particles; the same as the atomic mass unit, “amu”
Term
Electron
Definition
a subatomic particle with a single negative electrical charge and a mass about 1/2000 that of a neutron or proton. One or more electrons move around the nucleus of an atom
Term
Electron orbital
Definition
each orbital holds up to 2 electrons (s,d,p)
- electrons are distributed into the electron orbital’s (2 per orbital according to the periodic table.
Term
Element
Definition
any substance that can’t be broken down to any other substance by chemical reactions
Term
Energy shell
Definition
the energy level is determined by its location relative to the nucleus, that location is called the electron shell it is in.
Term
Equilibrium constant
Definition
When new reactants are formed by the reverse reaction at the same rate new products are being formed, the reaction is said to be in _________
Term
Hydrogen bonds
Definition
a type of weak chemical bond that’s formed when the slightly positive hydrogen atom of a polar covalent bond in one molecule is attracted to the slightly negative atom of a polar covalent bond in another molecule.
Term
Inert gasses
Definition
(noble gases) have all 8 electrons :)
Term
Ionic bonds
Definition
a chemical bond resulting from the attraction between oppositely charged ions
Term
Isotope
Definition
one of the several atomic forms of an element, each with the same number of protons but different number of neutrons, thus differing in atomic mass
Term
Matter
Definition
anything that takes up space and has mass
Term
Molecular weight
Definition
the sum of the masses of all the atoms in a molecule
Term
Moles
Definition
the number of grams of a substance that equals its molecular weight in daltons and contains Avogadro’s number of molecules
Term
Molar solutions
Definition
In lab, solutions are made using molarity units (M), where 1 molar = 1 M = 1 mole of substance / liter of solution
1M NaCl in water = 24.31 g NaCl dissolved in water to a final volume of 1 liter
Term
Nucleus
Definition
an atom’s central core, containing protons and neutrons
Term
Neutron
Definition
a subatomic particle having no electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7x10-24g, found in the nucleus of an atoms
Term
Periodic table
Definition
table of all the elements you dumb shit
Term
Potential energy
Definition
the energy that matter posses as a result of its location or spatial arrangement (structure)
Term
Proton
Definition
- a subatomic particle with a single positive electrical charge, with a mass of about 1.7x10-24g, found in the nucleus of an atom
Term
Radioactive isotope
Definition
an isotope that is unstable; the nucleus decays spontaneously, giving off detectable particles and energy
Term
Valence
Definition
the bonding capacity of a given atom; usually equals the number of unpaired electrons require to complete the atom’s outer most shell
Term
Valence shell
Definition
the outermost energy shell of an atom, containing the valence electrons involved in the chemical reactions of that atom
Term
Valence electron
Definition
an electron in the outermost electron shell
Term
Van der Waals interactions
Definition
weak attractions between molecules or parts of molecules that result from localized charge fluctuations
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