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Definition
| Babylonian clay tablets have beer recipes |
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Term
| More than 3.5 billion years ago |
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Definition
| Ancestors of bacteria were first life on Earth |
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Definition
| Ancient Romans develop ideas about contagious particles. They also perform first recorded acts of biological warfare--they dumped rotting corpses into the water supplies of their enemies. |
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| Ancient Egyptians develop methods of embalming |
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| Mayans make fermented beverage from cacao (chocolate). |
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| Black Death Kills 1/3 of European population |
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Definition
| Janssen develops the compound microscope |
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Term
| 1600 two competing hypotheses about life |
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Definition
Spontaneous Generation: life from nonlife
Biogenesis:life from preexisting life |
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Definition
| Robert Hooke reported that living things were composed of little boxes or cells |
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| performs the first documented controlled scientific experiment. Covers meat with cheese cloth, and leaves other pieces of meet uncovered. Uncovered meat, exposed to flies, develops maggots. Covered meat does not develop maggots. Redi concludes that adult flies are necessary for the production of maggots. This is the first major blow to the theory of spontaneous generation |
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Term
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Definition
The first microbes were observed by Antoni van Leeuwenhoek who described live
microorganisms (animalcules) that he observed in teeth scrapings, rainwater, and peppercorn
infusions. This marked the beginning of microbiology. |
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Term
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Definition
| Linnaeus develops a taxonomy and a naming system (binomial nomenclature) for |
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Term
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| John Needham shows that boiled broth that cools down overnight becomes richly contaminated with microorganisms. He forcefully argues the microbes must be borne from the broth. He publishes a formal presentation of the Theory of Spontaneous Generation |
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Definition
| Lazzaro Spallanzani performs experiments with boiled and unboiled gravy. He shows that boiled gravy will only spoil if exposed to air. He concludes that spontaneous generation cannot be correct |
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Definition
| Edward Jenner performs the first vaccinations against smallpox. He collects the pus from cowpox blisters on the hands of milkmaids. He contaminates a lance with this pus and then cuts the skin of children |
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Definition
| England installs first municipal water filtration system |
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Definition
| Agostino Bassi proves that a fungus is the cause of silkworm disease. |
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Definition
| Ignaz Semmelweis puts forth the revolutionary idea that physicians should wash their hands when assisting in childbirth |
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Definition
| identifies contaminated water as the cause of a cholera epidemic in England |
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Definition
| Louis Pasteur determines that yeast cause fermentation of wine and develops the process of pasteurization that saves the French wine industry. This marks the beginning of the Golden Age of Microbiology--a period of explosive growth of knowledge of microbes (1857-1914) |
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Term
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Definition
Rudolf Virchow develops the Cell Theory. All living things are composed of cells and
come from preexisting cells |
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Term
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Definition
Louis Pasteur provides the final disproof of the theory of spontaneous generation in favor
of biogenesis. He maintains boiled broth in a swan-necked flask, open to the air, for many days
without contamination. |
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Term
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Definition
| Louis Pasteur, studying fermentation by yeast, coins the terms aerobic and anaerobic |
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Term
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Definition
| Given the discovery of microscopic organisms, Ernst Haeckel proposes a third Kingdom of Life: The Protista |
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Term
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Definition
| Joseph Lister uses phenol (carbolic acid) to treat surgical wounds. This reduced infection from surgery dramatically and served as proof that surgical infections are caused by microorganisms |
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Term
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Definition
| Robert Koch, studying the disease, anthrax, validates the Germ Theory of Disease--the idea that diseases are caused by infectious agents (not by other forces such as evil spirits). This is also the first use of the rigorous steps in pathogen identification known as Koch’s Postulates |
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Definition
| Pasteur develops a vaccine for chicken cholera. This is the first attenuated vaccine |
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Definition
| Koch develops the concept of achieving pure cultures using solid media. |
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Definition
| Hess working in Koch’s lab, develops agar as a solid medium. |
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Definition
| Escherich identifies Escherichia coli |
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Definition
| the definitive work on the microorganisms responsible for nitrification in nature. |
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Definition
| Paul Ehrlich proposes that antibodies are responsible for immunity. |
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Term
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Definition
| Alexander Fleming discovers the first antibiotic, penicillin. Fleming makes this discovery by accident. He is searching for antimicrobial chemicals and uses Staphylococcus cultures to test these chemicals. He leaves some of these bacterial cultures on the lab bench when he goes on vacation. Upon returning, he sees that some of his cultures are contaminated with a fungus called Penicillium. He notices that there are no bacteria growing near Penicillium |
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Definition
| electron microscope invented |
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Definition
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Definition
| all living things are composed of cells |
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| yeasts convert the sugars to alcohol in the absence of air |
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Definition
| heating just enough to kill most of the bacteria that causes spoilage |
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Definition
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Term
| avirulent (loss of virulence) |
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Definition
| loss of ability to cause disease |
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Term
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Definition
| chemotherapeutic agents prepared from chemicals |
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Term
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Definition
| chemicals produced naturally by bacteria and fungi to act against other microbes |
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Definition
| use of microbes to remove environmental pollution |
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Term
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Definition
| use of microbes to produce foods |
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Term
| emerging infectious diseases |
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Definition
| new or changing diseases that are increasing or have the potential to increase in the near future |
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Term
| Marine/Fresh water microbes |
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Definition
| form the basis of food chain |
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Term
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Definition
| break down wastes, incorporate nitrogen gas from air and into organic matter |
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Term
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Definition
| established by Carlous Linnaeus in 1735. Includes the genus and the specific epithet. Both are either italicized or underlined. |
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Term
| Microbes in commercial application |
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Definition
| used for synthesis of acetone, organic acids, enzymes, alcohols, and drugs |
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Term
| Microbes in food industry |
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Definition
| used to produce vinegar, sauekrout, pickles alcoholic beverages, green olives, soy sauce, buttermilk, cheese, yogurt , bread |
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Term
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Definition
unicellular organisms, prokaryotes,
shapes: bacillus(rodlike), coccus (spherical) and spiral (corkscrew)
cell walls: peptidoglycan
binary fission |
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Term
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Definition
prokaryotic, walls lack petidoglycan, live in extreme environments
methanogens: produce methane
extreme halophiles: salty environments
extreme thermophiles: hot sulfurous water |
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Term
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Definition
| Eukoryote, unicellular (yeasts), multicellular (mushrooms and molds), cell walls contain chitin, |
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Term
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Definition
| unicellular eukariotic microbes, exist as free entities or parasites, absorb or ingest organic compounds, reproduce sexually or asexually |
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Term
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Definition
| photosynthetic eukaryotes, cell walls contain cellulose, produce oxygen and carbohydrates |
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Term
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Definition
| very small, acellular, contain a core with either DNA or RNA, are parasites |
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Term
| Multicellular Animal Parasites |
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Definition
| flatworms and roundworms collectively called helminths, at some stages are microscopic |
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Term
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Definition
Carl Woese 1978
1. Bacteria
2. Archaea
3. Eukarya
-Protists (slime molds, protozoa, algae)
-Fungi (yeasts, molds, mushrooms)
-Plants (mosses, ferns, conifers, plants)
-Animals(sponges, worms, insects, vertebrates) |
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Definition
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Definition
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| study of protozoa and parasitic worms |
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Definition
| study of viruses, 1892 Iwanowski discovered TMV |
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Term
| Recombinant DNA Technology |
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Definition
Paul Berg 1960s
microbial genetics- study of inherited traits
molecular biology-Dna and protein |
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Term
| Recycling of Vital Elements |
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Definition
| Martinus Bejerinck and Segei Winogradsky 1880s: showed how bacteria help recycle vital elements b/n soil and atmosphere |
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