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Definition
| the tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it (i-knew-it-all-along) |
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| advantage of naturalistic observation |
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Definition
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| watch and record behavior in natural environ. |
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| disadvantage of naturalistic observation |
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| measures how much 2 factors vary together, how well either factor predicts other (statistical) |
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Definition
graphed cluster of dots, each represents value of 2 variables
slope of: suggests direction
amount of:suggests strength of corr. |
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Definition
| the prescense of one thing predicts the absence of another |
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| the prescence of one thing predicts the prescence of another |
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Definition
little or no relationship
ex. height and temperament |
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Term
| Correlation indicates possibility of cause-effect relationship, but does not prove ____________ |
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Definition
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Definition
| percieved non-existent correlation caused by ignoring equally essential info |
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| Describe the double blind procedure. |
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Definition
| Research participants and staff are "blind" about recieving and giving away the treatment and placebo |
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Definition
| results caused by expectations only |
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Definition
| exposes participants to treatment (IV) |
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Term
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Definition
| contrasts with experimental condition and evaluates effect of treatment w/out treatment |
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Definition
| contrasts with experimental condition and evaluates effect of treatment w/out treatment |
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Definition
| manipulated factor; whose effect being studied |
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Definition
| outcome factor; may change in response to manipulations of IV |
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Term
| Describe the measures of central tendency. |
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Definition
mode: most frequently occuring
median: middle (equal on top and bottom)
mean:arithmetic average |
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Term
| To operationalize a variable, you explain how you will ___________ it to better __________ results. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| distance [always positive] btwn highest and lowest scores |
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Definition
| average distance from the mean |
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Term
| When standard deviation is high, the more spreadout the distribution, and _____ reliable the results. |
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Definition
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Term
Which of the following groups of shoe sizes has greatest standard deviation? Lowest?
A. 7,7,8,8,9,9
B. 4,4,9,10,16,17
C. 14,15,16,17,18,19 |
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Definition
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Term
| Good research is ________and _____________. |
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Definition
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| Good research is ________and _____________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe valid and reliable. |
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Definition
valid= measures what it sets out to measure
reliable= can be replicated; consistent |
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Definition
| additional variables that affect results |
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Term
| Descriptive vs. Inferential statistics |
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Definition
Descriptive- summarizes info [ex. mean, median, mode]
inferential- determines wheter sample results can apply to population |
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Term
| When sample avgs are reliable and the difference btwn them is relatively large, we say the difference has ____________________. |
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Definition
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Term
| Statistical significance indicates the likelihood that result will happen by chance; it does not indicate ___________ of result. |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| an observation technique in which one person is studied in depth in hope of revealin universal principles |
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Definition
| an explanation using an integrated set of principles that organizes observations and predicts behaviors or events |
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| a testable prediction; often implied by a theory |
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Definition
| a statement of the procedures used to define research varibales |
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Definition
| the tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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Definition
| a sample that fairly represents a population because each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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Definition
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Definition
| a technique for ascertaining the self reported attitudes or behaviors of people, usu. by questioning a representative' random sample of them |
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| the scientific study of behavior and mental processes |
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Definition
| the view that (a)knowledge comes from experience via the senses and (b)science flourishes through observation and experiment |
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Term
| What is the difference between naturalistic observation and a field study? |
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Definition
| In naturalistic observation, the researchers do not impact the behavior of the participants at all. In contrast, in field experiments, the researcher has manipulated the independent variable and attempted to eliminate as many confounding variables as possible. |
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Term
| When a distribution includes an extreme score, the distribution is said to be____________. |
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Definition
| positively skewed; mean is higher than the mode |
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Term
| When the skew is caused by a particularly low score the distribution is ___________. |
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Definition
| negatively skewed; mean is lower than the mode |
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Term
| The higher the variance and standard deviation, ________________ |
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Definition
| the more spread out the distribution. |
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Term
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Definition
range-difference btwn highest and lowest score
variance/standard deviation- the avg distance of any score in the distribution from the mean. [std dev is sqr root of variance] |
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