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| tendency to believe, after learning an outcome, that one would have forseen it |
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| thinking that does not bindly accept arguments and conclusions. Rather, it examines assumptions, discerns hidden values, evaluates evidence, and asseses conclusions. |
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| testable prediction, often implied by a theory |
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| statement of the procedures (operations) used to define research variables. For example, intelligence may be operationally defined as what an intelligence test measures. |
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| repeating the essence of a research studt, usually with different participants in different situations, to see whether the basis finding generalizes to other participants and circumstances. |
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| observation technnique in which one person is studied in depth in the hope of revealing universal principles. |
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| technique for ascertaining the self-reported attitudes or behaviors of ppl usually by questionsing a representative, random sample of them. |
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| tendency to overestimate the extent to which others share our beliefs and behaviors |
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| all the cases in a group, from which samples may be drawn for a study |
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| sample that fairly represents a population bc each member has an equal chance of inclusion |
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| observing and recording behavior in naturally occuring situations without trying to manipulate and control the situation |
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| The correlation coefficient a concept from statistics is a measure of how well trends in the predicted values follow trends in past actual values. It is a measure of how well the predicted values from a forecast model "fit" with the real-life data. |
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| grraphed cluster of dots, each of which rep. the values of two variables. the slope of the points suggests the direction of the relationship between the two variables. the amount of scatter suggests the strength of the correlation (little scatter indicates high correlation). |
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| Research method that involves manipulating independent variables to determine how they affect dependent variables |
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| In drug research, positive effects associated with a person's beliefs and attitudes about the drug, even when it contains no active ingredients |
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| Variable manipulated by a researcher to determine its effects on a dependent variable |
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| enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of ppl and transmitted from one group to the next |
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| difference between the highest and lowest scores in distribution |
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| computed measures of how much scores vary around the mean score |
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| statistical criteria for rejecting the assumption of no difference in a particular study |
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most frequent occuring score in distribution |
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| arithmetic average of a distribution, obtained by adding the scores and then dividing by the number of scores |
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| middle score in distribution; half the scores are above it and half below it |
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| experimental factor- in psychology, behavior or mental process- that is being measurd ; variable that may change in response to manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| experimental factor that is manipulated; variable whose effect is being studied |
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| assigning participants to excperimental and control conditions by chance, thus minimizing preexisting differences b/n those assigned to the different groups |
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| any effect on behavior caused by a placebo |
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| condition of an experimental that exposes participants to the treatment, that is, to one version of the independent variable |
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| experimental procedure in which both the research oarticipants and the research staff are ignorant about whether the research participants have received the placebo or the treatment. commonly used in drug-evalution studie. |
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| latin for "I shall please" an inert substance or condition that may be adminsitered instead of a presumed active agent, such as a drug, to see if it triggers the effects believed to characterize the active agent. |
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