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| the material of which the universe is made; all of it has mass and occupies space |
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| a property that defined the quantity of matter in an object; measured with balances |
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| the science of matter and the study of its composition, structure, and properties |
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| has the same physical and chemical properties independent of its source |
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| combination of pure substances in variable proportions in which the individual substances retain their chemical identities |
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| consists of components that are distributed uniformly throughout and have no visible boundaries or reigions |
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| has distinct regions of different composition, like particles of silt suspended in water |
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| a pure substance that cannot be separated into simpler substances by chemical means |
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| a substance composed of two or more elements linked together in fixed proportions |
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| the space occupied by matter |
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| Law of Constant Composition |
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| states that all samples of a particular compound always contain the same elements in the same proportions |
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Scanning Tunneling Microscope
STM |
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| an instrument that generates images of surfaces at the atomic state |
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| the smallest particle of an element that retains the chemical characteristics of that element |
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| a collection of atoms chemically bonded together; the smallest entity that contains the constituent atoms of a compound in their characteristic proportions |
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| consists of the symbols of the constituent elements in a compound with subscripts to identify the number of atoms of each element present in one molecule |
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| uses chemical formulas to express the identities and quantities of substances involved in a chemical reaction |
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| the transformation of one or more substances into different substances |
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| the force that holds two atoms together in a molecule |
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| a process for separating particles in a liquid or gas from that liquid or gas by passing the mixture through a medium that retains the particles |
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| another name for a homogenous mixture; often liquids, but they may also be solids or gases |
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| a separation technique in which the more volatile (ore easily vaporized) components of a mixture are vaporized and then condensed, thereby separating them from the less volatile components |
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| a characteristic that is independent of the amount of substance present |
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| a characteristic that varies with the quantity of the substance present |
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| a characteristic that can be observed without changing it into another substance |
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| the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume; intensive property |
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| a characteristic of a substance that can be observed only by reacting it to form another substance |
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| consists of atoms or molecules in close contact with each other and often in an organized agreement; have a definite shape and volume |
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| consists of atoms or molecules in close proximity to each other (usually not as close as in a solid); occupy a definite volume, but flow to assume the shape of their containers |
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| consists of very widely separated atoms of molecules; gases have neither definite shape or volume, and they expand to fill their containers |
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| the transformation of a solid directly to a gas |
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| the transformation of a vapor directly into a solid |
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| an approach to acquiring knowledge that is based on careful observation of phenomena; development of a simple, testable explanation; conducting additional experiments that test the validity of the hypothesis |
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| a tentative and testable explanation for an observation or a series of observations |
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| a general explanation of widely observed phenomena that have been extremely tested |
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| the number of digits in a measured value; they include all the digits of know values plus the first uncertain digit to the right of the know digits; the greater the number of digits, the greater the certainty with which the value is known |
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| the repeatability of a measurement and the extent to which repeated measurements agree among themselves |
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| the agreement between an experimental value and the true value |
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| a fraction in which the numerator is equivalent to the denominator but is expressed in different units |
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| the SI unit of temperture |
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| theoretically the lowest temperature possible |
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