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| A discipline that relates a structure to its function. |
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| A tail with two lobes equal in size making the tail symmetrical. |
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| A tail with an upper lobe that is elongated causing it to sink. |
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The process by which organisms with poorly suited features, on average, fare less well in a particular environment and tend to perish, therby leaving (and preserving) those individuals with more favorable adaption.
Survival of the fittest, bitch. |
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| Somatict traits are passed down by generation. |
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| A supposed underlying plan upon which an organism is built. |
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| The study of anatomy and its significance. |
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| Two or more features that share a common ancestor. |
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| Two features with a similar function. |
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| Two features that simply look alike. |
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Similarity between successively repeated parts in the same organism.
ex: the chain of vertabrae. |
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An organism that has a mirrored plane of equal division created from any plane intersecting the center of the organism.
Ex: jellyfish, sea urchins, other invertebrates.
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| Only the midsagittal plane divides the body into two mirrored images, L and R. |
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| Median parallel plane passing dorsoventrally through the long central axis of the body. |
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| (Cranial) refers to the head |
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| (Caudal) refers to the tail. |
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| Chest. Supports the forelimbs. |
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| Refers to the hips. Support the hindlimbs. |
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| Frontal Plane (Cononal Plane) |
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| Divides a bilateral body into dorsal and ventral sections. |
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| Seperates into anterior and posterior portions. |
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| An individual section of a repeated, segmented organism. |
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| Segmentation (metamerism) |
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| The process that divides a body into duplicated sections. |
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| Sequentially divide the hydrostatic skeleton into a series of internal compartments. |
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| The action or property of a part as it works in an organism. |
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| How the part is used in the environment during the course of an organism's life history. |
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A structure or behavior processes the necessary form and function before the biological role arises that it eventually serves.
(can do the job before the job arrives) |
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| Would not enjoy selectice favor until they were large and elaborate enough. Small and formative structures. |
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| Graphic schemes that summarize phylogeny in branched connections between groups. |
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Long intervals of unchanged evolution folllowed by a rather abrupt appearance of new species.
(punctuated equilibrium) |
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| Primitive condition (plesiomorphic trait) |
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| Ancestral state of a character. |
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| Derived Condition (synaphomorphic trait) |
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| The state after transformation. |
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| A named group of organisms. |
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| A taxon that accurately depicts a group that exists in nature resulting from evolutionary events. |
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| A taxon that does not correspond to an actual unit of evolution. |
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| The taxon most closely related to the group being studied. |
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| An expression of the degree of change or level of adaption reached by an evolving group. |
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| A lineage with all organisms in a lineage plus the ancestor they have in common. |
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| Places together organisms with similar or homologous characteristics. |
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| Phylogenetic Systematics (cladistics) |
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| Places together organisms belonging to the same clade. |
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| A dendrogram depicting the genealogy. |
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| The assortment of taxa we are interested in examining. |
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Close to, but not part of the ingroup and is used as a reference.
Helps determine the derived condition. |
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| Includes an ancestor and all its descendants - but only its decendants. |
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| Groups formed on the basis of nonhomologous characters. |
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| Groups that include a commojn ancestor and some, but not all, of its descendants. |
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| The smallest clade that includes all living members of a group, and any fossils nested within. |
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| The set of extinct taxa that are not in the crown group but are more closely related to the crown group than to any other. |
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| The crown group and the stem group together. |
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| The study of how decay and tissue disintegration affect fossilization. |
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| The method of placing fossils in a relative sequence to each other. |
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| Each layer of rock that contains the remains of organisms from one slice in time. |
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| uniform extinction (background) |
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| Gradual loss of species over a period of time. |
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| mass extinction (catastrophic) |
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| The loss larges numbers of species abruptly. |
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