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Chapter 1 and 2 vocab
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Chemistry
Undergraduate 1
10/01/2009

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Term
allotropes
Definition
different forms of the same element that exist in the same physical state under the same conditions of temperature and pressure.
Term
atom
Definition
the smallest particle of an element that can be involved in chemical combination with another element
Term
boiling point
Definition
the temperature at which the equilibrium vapor pressure of a liquid equals the external pressure on the liquid
Term
Celsius temperature scale
Definition
a scale defined by the freezing (0 C) and boiling point (100 C) of pure water at 1 atm
Term
chemical change
Definition
a process in which substances (reactants) change into other substances (products)by rearrangement, combination, or separation of atoms
Term
chemical compound
Definition
a pure substance that can be decomposed into two or more different pure substances
Term
chemical element
Definition
a substance that cannot be decomposed into two or more new substances by chemical or physical means
Term
chemical formula
Definition
a notation combining element symbols and numerical subscripts that shows the relative numbers of each kind of atom in a molecule or formula unit of a substance
Term
chemical property
Definition
describes the kinds of chemical reactions that chemical elements or compounds can undergo
Term
chemical reaction
Definition
a process in which substances change into other substances by rearrangements, combination, or separation of atoms
Term
chemistry
Definition
the study of matter the changes it undergoes
Term
law of conservation of mass
Definition
law stating that there is no detectable change in mass during an ordinary chemical reaction
Term
law of constant composition
Definition
law stating that a chemical compound always contains the same elements in the same proportions by mass
Term
conversion factor
Definition
a relationship between 2 measurement units derived from the proportionality of one quantity to another,; eg, density is the conversion factor between mass and volume
Term
density
Definition
the ratio of the mass of an object to its volume
Term
diatomic molecule
Definition
a molecule that contains 2 atoms
Term
dimensional analysis
Definition
a method of using units in calculations to check for correctness
Term
energy
Definition
the capacity to do work
Term
gas
Definition
a phase or state of matter in which a substance has no definite shape and has a volume determined by the volume of its container
Term
heterogeneous mixture
Definition
a mixture in which components remain separate and can be observed as individual substances or phases
Term
homogeneous mixture
Definition
a mixture of two or more substances in a single phase that is uniform throughout
Term
hypothesis
Definition
a tentative explanation for an observation and a basis for experimentation
Term
kinetic molecular theory
Definition
the theory that matter consists of nanoscale particles that are in constant, random motion
Term
law
Definition
a statement that summarizes a wide range of experimental results and has not be contradicted by experiments
Term
liquid
Definition
a phase of matter in which a substance has no definite shape but a definite volume
Term
macroscale
Definition
refers to samples of matter that can be observed by the unaided human senses
Term
matter
Definition
anything that has mass and takes up space
Term
melting points
Definition
the temperature at which the structure of a solid collapses and the solid changes to a liquid
Term
metal
Definition
an element that is malleable, ductile, forms alloys, and conducts an electric current
Term
metalloid
Definition
an element that has some typically metallic properties and other properties that are more characteristic of nonmetals
Term
microscale
Definition
refers to samples of matter so small that they have to be viewed with a microscope
Term
model
Definition
a mechanical or mathematical way to make a theory more concrete, such as a molecular model
Term
molecule
Definition
the smallest particle of an element or compound that exists independently, and retains the chemical properties of that element or coumpound
Term
law of multiple proportions
Definition
when two elements A and B can combine in two or more ways, the mass ratio A:B in one compound is a small-whole-number multiple of the mass ratio A:B in the other compound
Term
nanoscale
Definition
members of the family of fullerenes in which graphite-like layers of carbon atoms form cylindrical shapes
Term
nonmetal
Definition
element that does not have the chemical and physical properties of a metal
Term
physical changes
Definition
changes in the physical properties of a substance, such as the transformation of a solid to a liquid
Term
physical properties
Definition
properties that can be observed and measured without changing the composition of a substance
Term
product
Definition
a substance formed as a result of a chemical reaction
Term
proportionality factor
Definition
a relationship between 2 measurement units derived from the proportionality of one quantity to another
Term
qualitative
Definition
in observations, nonnumerical experimental information, such as a description of color or texture
Term
quantitative
Definition
numerical information, such as the mass or volume of a substance expressed in appropriate units
Term
reactant
Definition
a substance that is initially present and undergoes change in a chemical reaction
Term
solid
Definition
a state of matter in which the substance has a definite shape and volume
Term
solution
Definition
a homogeneous mixture of 2 or more substances in a single phase
Term
substance
Definition
matter of a particular kind; each substance, when pure, has a well-defined composition and set of characteristic properties that differ from the properties of any other substance
Term
temperature
Definition
the physical property of matter that determines whether one object can heat another
Term
theory
Definition
a unifying principle that explains a body of facts and the laws based on them
Term
atomic mass unit
Definition
the unite of a scale of relative atomic masses of the elements
Term
atomic number
Definition
the number of protons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Term
atomic structure
Definition
the identity and arrangement of subatomic particles in an atom
Term
atomic weight
Definition
the average mass of an atom in a representative sample of atoms of an element
Term
electron
Definition
a negatively charged subatomic particle that occupies most of the volume of an atom
Term
ion
Definition
an aton or group of atoms that has lost or gained one or more electrons so that it is no longer electrically neutral
Term
isotope
Definition
forms of an element composed of atoms with the same atomic number but different mass numbers owing to a difference in the n umber of neutron
Term
mass
Definition
a measure of an object's resistance to acceleration
Term
mass number
Definition
the number of protons plus neutrons in the nucleus of an atom of an element
Term
mass spectrometer
Definition
an analytical instrument used to measure atomic and molecular masses directly
Term
mass spectrum
Definition
a plot of ion abundance versus the mass of the ions
Term
metric system
Definition
a decimalized measurement system
Term
neutron
Definition
an electrically neutral subatomic particle found in the nucleus
Term
nucleus
Definition
the tiny central core of an atom
Term
percent abundance
Definition
the percentage of atoms of a particular isotope in natural sample of a pure element
Term
proton
Definition
a positively charged subatomic particle found in the nucleus
Term
radioactivity
Definition
the spontaneous emission of energy and/or subatomic particles byunstable atomic nuclei
Term
scanning tunneling microscope
Definition
an analytical instrument that produces images of individual atoms or molecules on a serface
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