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| process of identifying goals and determing how best to achieve them |
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| the study of how messages effect people |
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| a situation in which people's understanding can be changed through a message |
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Ceremonial Deliberative Forensic |
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speaking on the present, concerned with praise speaking on the future, what should be done speaking on the past, concerned with justice |
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| a problem that can not be avoided, but can be solved, through development of appropriate message |
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all forms of evidence that lend weight to the truth of your thesis, explaining, illustrating or defending it. includes: experience, narratives, data, opinions |
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Anticipation Reaction Confrontation reaction |
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increased anxiety felt by a speaker while thinking in advance about the speech increased anxiety felt at the beginning of the speech |
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| caused by instantly accepting or rejecting when listeners jump to conclusions. They blur the distinction between two similar messages and regard them as identical |
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| accurate rendering of seech, and being able to interpretat and assess it. |
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| judgments you can articulate and defend by providing reasons for them |
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Effectiveness standard Artistic Standard |
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evaluation of speech according to the effects it produces evaluation of a speech according to its ethical exicution of principles of public speaking without regard to its actual effects |
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variety or diversity among audience members, dissimilarity. Depends on audience size larger audience = greater heterogeneity |
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Buzzwords or phrases that are devoid of specific content. you don't want to have to resort to these when speaking to a large and diverse audience |
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statements that listeners regard as true Positive or negative judgments that listeners apply to a person, place, object, or idea i.e. You believe that homelessness is a problem (belief) government aid for the homeless is a good thing (value) |
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brief references to something with which the audience is assumed to be familiar *speaker must be careful to make sure audience does know allusion |
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| the particular interpretation or underrstanding that a listener gets from a speech |
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listeners who share the characteristics of people in general *common sense, self-interest, sensitivity to others, and enthusiasm for a good story |
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an imaginary audience made up of all reasonable people. *people who accept only those values and beliefs that no reasonable person would doubt. (impossible audience) |
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saying whatever will please an audience even if it is not what the speaker really believes. *audience can sense then and discredit your speech |
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Speakers choices and activities that shape a speech. Categorized since ancient times. (5) |
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1. Invention 2. Arrangement 3. Style 4. Delivery 5. Memory |
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the generation of materials for a speech * through a combination of analysis, research, and judgment |
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| the structuring of ideas and materials in the speech. Organizing for each main idea, ordering and connecting of main ideas, overall structuring of introduction, body, and conclusion |
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The distinctive character that may make a speech recognizable or memorable *achieved through language, and evokes emotion |
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The presentation of the speech to the audience. *involves effective use of voice, gesture, facial expression, physical movement, and visual aids |
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| Mental recall of the key ideas and the basic structure of the speech |
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common or typical categories for organizing subject matter *public life topoi- economy, science, technology *college life topoi- classes, homework, independent study, etc. |
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causing people to think about a topic that they previously knew little about or ignored. *goal of speech is to put the topic "on the agenda" to draw attention to it |
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General Purpose Statement Specific Purpose Statement |
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Statement of overall goal, 7 main purposes, providing new information or perspective, agenda setting, creating positive or negative feeling, strengthening commitment, weakening eommitment, conversion, inducing a specific action. Statement of the particular outcome sought from the audience; a more specific version of the general purpose. i.e. TOPIC: Cheating at the university GENERAL PURPOSE: To provide new inofrmation SPECIFIC PURPOSE: To inform listeners of widespread cheating on this campus |
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| assumption that statement or claim is ture until shown otherwise |
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