Term
| Fluid not contained within cells |
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Definition
Extracellular Fluid (EFC)
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Bathes most cells in the body, often called tissue fluid |
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Definition
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Term
| Contained within the body cells; often called cytoplasm/cytosol |
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Definition
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Term
| Cerebrospinal fluid, fluid within the eyes, joints, and body cavities, and fluid secretions of exocrine glands are all classified specifically as |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the two major factors that regulate the movement of water and electrolytes from one fluid compartment to the next? |
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Definition
| Hydrostatic pressure and osmotic pressure |
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Term
| What triggers signals the brain to increase the output of ADH for water conservation |
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Definition
| Osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus detect tphe increase in osmotic pressure of body fluids and signal the posterior pituitary to release ADH |
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Term
| How does alcohol function as a diuretic |
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Definition
| Alcohol inhibits the release of ADH and thus urine output is increased |
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Term
| The hormone aldosterone regulates the concentrations of ______________ and ________________ in the body |
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Definition
| Potassium ions; sodium ions |
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Term
| An abnormal accumulation of interstitial fluid is termed |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of negative feedback |
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Definition
| to restore a regulated variable to homeostasis if disturbed |
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Term
| How is negative feedback generally accomplished |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| homeostatic control systems that sense and respond to changes in the ECF |
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Term
Put the components of a reflex arc in order
Effector organ
Sensory receptor
Integration center
Stimulus
Response |
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Definition
Stimulus
Sensory Receptor
Integration Center
Effector Organ
Response
Response feeds back to receptor to stop pathway when goal is accomplished (negative feedback inhibition) |
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Term
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Definition
detects change or stimulus
Afferent Pathway Input |
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Term
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Definition
receives and processes information from receptor
Efferent Pathway/Output |
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Term
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Definition
| Responds to command from control center |
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Term
| Increases the speed of the body's homeostatic responses and minimizes fluctuations in variable being measured |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
- Slower
- Can accomplish more
- Uses the Endocrine System or Nervous System
- Needs help from another part of the body
- Long distance communcation
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Term
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Definition
Involves the nervous and/or endocrine system detecting a change and sendig a signal or releasing a chemical to facilitate change in another organ system, organ, or cell
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Term
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Definition
Auto regulation
When a cell, organ, or organ system automatically adjusts itself in response to a change in the environment |
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Term
Chemical equation
acid base balance |
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Definition
↑ CO2 + H2O -> H2CO3 -> ↑ H+ + HCO3-
This equation lowers pH which causes cell respiration to increase |
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Term
| Cells generate CO2 as a waste product of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| Carbonic acid dissociates to |
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Definition
| bicarbonate ion (HCO3- and hydrogen ion (H+) |
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Term
Does more hydrogen ions raise or lower pH
which causes respiration rate to increase or decrease |
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Definition
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Term
| Extracellular buffers include |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| If the blood pH drops too low acidemia, the body will compensate by |
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Definition
| increasing breathing, expelling CO2 and shifting the reaction to the right - less hydrogen ions are free to bind |
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Term
| If the blood pH raises to high (alkalemia), the body will compensate by |
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Definition
| decreasing breathing, holding onto CO2, and shifting the reaction to the left so more hydrogen ions are free to bind |
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Term
A mechanisms that is designed to push levels out of normal ranges
A series of events initiates a cascading process that builds to increase the effect of the stimulus |
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Definition
Positive Feedback
Ex: blood clotting
Release of oxytocin - to intensify the contractions that take place during childbirth |
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Term
| A mechanism that reduces the output or activity of any organ or system back to its normal range of function |
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Definition
Negative Feedback
Ex: Blood pressure - Sense resistance of blood flow blood vessels act as receptors which sends a message to the effectors organs - brain and heart. heart rate decreases, blood vessels vasodilate, blood pressure falls back to normal range
Body Temperature
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Term
| Maintenance of a regulated variable within a healthy range, requires energy |
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Definition
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Term
Bodily processes related to homeostasis
Pacemaker of circadian rhythms |
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Definition
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Term
Involved in regulating
Sleep/wake
Body temperature
Hormone concentrations
Anticipatory Homeostasis (feedforward) |
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Definition
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Term
| How do cells become specialized to communicate with one another in order to maintain homeostasis |
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Definition
Chemical messengers
target cells with receptors
signal transduction pathways
target cell response pathway |
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Term
| Long range chemical messengers |
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Definition
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Term
| chemical messengers that communicate to adjacent cells |
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Definition
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Term
| A chemical messenger that has a protein sequence which acts as a homone or neurotransmitter |
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Definition
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Term
| A given hormone usually affects only a limited number of cells, which are called |
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Definition
target cells
A target cell responds to a specific hormone because it bears a receptor for that hormone |
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Term
| A hormone that is distributed in blood and binds to distant target cells |
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Definition
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Term
| A hormone that acts locally by diffusing from its source to target cells in the neighborhood |
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Definition
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Term
| A hormone that acts on the same cell that produced it |
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Definition
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Term
| Messengers that are released into the ECF and bridge the gap between cells |
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Definition
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Term
| Chemicals that are secreted by endocrine organs, travel in the blood plasma, and act on target cells with receptors |
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Definition
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Term
Allow for communication at synapses
Communication is faster, but shorter lived
Do not go into bloodstream
Released into the interstitial fluid |
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Definition
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Term
Cells within a tissue communicate with other cells in the same tissue
Low concentration of chemicals secreted into interstitial fluid, and diffuse to their receptors
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Definition
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Term
| Can paracrine chemicals act like hormones |
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Definition
Yes, if they travel through the bloodstream
Ex : interleukins, interferons |
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Term
| A major category of paracrine agents derived from arachidonic acid, a constituent of plasma membrane phospholipids |
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Definition
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Term
Paracine chemicals produced by WBCs
Involved in inflammation and immune response fo the injured tissue |
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Definition
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Term
| Involved in blood clotting |
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Definition
Prostacyclins
Thromboxanes |
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Term
Paracrine chemicals produced by almost all cells
raise/lower local BP
decrease gastric secretion
enhance the inflammation response
dilate/constrict bronchioles
contract/relax smooth muscle
shrink nasal membranes
cause sedation
cause fever |
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Definition
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Term
| Blocks the synthesis of eicosanoids and prostaglandins |
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Definition
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Term
| Block the synthesis of all eicosanoids, inhibit phosphlipase A2 |
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Definition
| Adrenal steroids or corticosteriods |
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Term
Direct communication throug gap junctions
Does need to use intercellular chemical messengers
Allows instantaneous communication between cells
Cells may function as a single entity
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Definition
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