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| Thescienftific study of how people think about, influence, and relate to one another. |
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| An integration of biological and social perspectives that explores the neural and psychological bases of social and emotinal behaviors. |
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| The enduring behaviors, ideas, attitudes, and traditions shared by a large group of people and transmitted from one generation to the next |
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| Socially shared beliefs widely held ideas and values includeing our assumptions and cultural ideologies. Our social representations help us make sense of our world. |
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| The tendency to exaggerate, after learning an outcome, one's ability to have foreseen how something turned out. Also known as the I-knew-it-all-along phenomenon. |
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| An integrated set of principles that explain and predict observed events. |
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| A testable proposition that describes a relationship that may exist between events. |
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| Research done in natural real-life sttings ouside the laboratory. |
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| The study of the naturally occurring relationships among variables. |
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| Studies that seek clues to cause-effect relationships by manipulating one or more factors (independent variables) while controlling others (holding them constant). |
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| Survey procedure in which every person in the population being studied has an equal chance of inclusion. |
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| The way a question or an issue is posed; framing can influence people's decisions and expressed opinions. |
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| The experimental factor that a researcher manipulates. |
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| The variable being measured, so called because it may depend on manipulations of the independent variable. |
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| The process of assigning participants tothe conditions of an experiment such that all persons hae the same chance of being in a given condition. |
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| Degree to which an experiment is superficially similar to everyday situations. |
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| Degree to which an experiment absorbs and involves its particpants. |
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| In research, an effect by which participants are misinformed or misled about the study's methods and purposes. |
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| Cues in a experiment that tell the participant what behavior is expected. |
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| An Ethical principle requiring that research participants be told enough to enable them to choose wheter they wish to participate. |
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| In social psychology, the postexperimental expanation of a study to its participants. Debriefing usually discloses any deception and often queries participants regarding their understandings and feelings. |
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| The belief that others are paying more attention to one's appearance and behavior then they really are. |
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| The illusion that our concealed emotions leak out and can be easily read by others. |
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| A person's answers to the question "Who am I?". |
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| Beliefs about self that organize and guide the processing of self-relevant information. |
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| The Tendency to process efficiently and remember well information related to oneself. |
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| Images of what we dream of or dread becoming in the future. |
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| Evaluating one's abilities and opinions by comparing oneself with others. |
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| The concept of giving priority to one's own goals over group goals and defining one's identity in terms of personal attributes rather than group identifications. |
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| Giving priority to the goals of one's groups (othen one's extended family or work group) and defining one's identity accordingly. |
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| Construing one's identity in relation to others. |
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| An Accomplice of the experimenter. |
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| Overestimating the enduring impact of emotion-causing events. |
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| The human tendency to neglect the sped and then strength of the "psychological immune system," which enables emotionalrecovery and resilience after bad things happen. |
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| Differing implicit (automatic) and explicit (consciously controlled) attitudes toward the smae object. Werbalized explicit attitudes may change with education and persuassionl implicit attitudes change slowly, with practice that forms new habits. |
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| A person's overall self-evaluation or sense of self-worth. |
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| A sense that one is competent and effective. |
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| The extent to which people perceive outcomes as internally controllable by their own efforts and actions or as externally controlled by chance or outside forces. |
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| The hopelessness and resignation learned when a human or an animal perceives no control over repeated bad events. |
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| The tendency to perceive oneself favorably. |
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| Self-Sercing-Attributions |
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| A form of self-serving bias; the thendency to attribute positive outcomes ot oneself and negative outcomes to other factors. |
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| The adaptive value of anticipating problems and harnessing one's anxiety to motivate effective action. |
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| The tendencyto overestimate the commonality of one's opinions and one's undesirable or unsuccessful behaviors. |
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| The tendency to underestimate the commonality of one's abilities and one's desirable or successful behaviors. |
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| Explaining away outgroup member's positive behaviors; also attributing negative behaviors to their dispositions (while excusing such behavior by one's own group). |
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| Protecting one's self-image with behaviors that create a handy excuse for later failure. |
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| The act of expressing oneself and behaving in ways designed to create a facorable impression or an impression that corresponds to one's ideals. |
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| Being attuned to the way one presents oneself in social situations and abjusting one's performance to create the desired impression. |
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| Activatinag particular associations in memory. |
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| Persistence of one's intial conceptions, as when the basis for one's belief is dicredited but and explantion of why the belief might be true survives. |
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| Incorporating "misinformation" intor one's memory of the event, after witnessing an event and receiving misleading information about it. |
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| "Explict" thinking that is delberate, reflective, and conscius. |
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| "Implicit" thinking that is effortless, habitual, and without awarness, roughly corresponds to "intution". |
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| Overconfidence Phenomenon |
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| The tendency to be more confident then correct-to overextimate the accuracy to one's beliefs. |
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| A tendency to search for information that confirms one's preconceptions. |
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| A thinking strategy that enables quick, efficient judgments. |
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| The tendency to presume, sometimes despite contrary odds, that someone or something belongs to a particular group if resembling (representing) a typical member. |
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| A cognitive rule that judges the liklihood of things in terms of their availability in memory. If instances of something come readily to mind, we presume it to be commonplace. |
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| Imagining alternative scenarios and outcomes that might have happened, but didn't. |
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| Perception of a relationship where none exist, or perception of a stronger relationship than actually exists. |
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| Perception of uncontrollable events as subject to one's control or as more controllable than they are. |
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| Regression Toward the Average |
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| The statistical tendency for extreme scores or extreme behavior to return toward one's average. |
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| Mistakenly attributing a behavior to the worng source. |
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| The theory of how people explain others' behavior; for example, by attributing it either to internal dispositions (enduring traits, motives, and attitudes) or to external situations. |
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| Dispositional Attribution |
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| Attributing behavior to the person's disposition and traits. |
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| Attributing behavior to the enviroment. |
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| Fundamental Attribution Error |
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| The tendency for observers to underestimate situational influences and overestimate dispositional influences upon others' behavior. |
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| A self-Conscious state in which attention focuses on oneslf. It makes people more sensitive to their own attitudes and dispositions. |
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| A belief that leads to its own fulfillment. |
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| A type of self-fulfilling prophecy whereby people's social expectations lead them to behave in ways that cause others to cofirm their expectations. |
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