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| Whether it is true or false is independent of whether people think it is true or false. |
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| "There is nothing either good or bad, but that thinking makes it so."-Hamlet Some people like Hamlet assume that when you ascribe a moral property to something, your claim is purely subjective: whether something is good or bad depends entirely on what you think. |
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Consist of two parts; one part of which (the premise or premises) is intended to provide a reason for accepting the other part (the conclusion).
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| A belief formation is also affected by unconscious features of human psychology. |
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| The tendancy to evaluate reasoning by how believable its conclusion seems, this affects us unconciously. May be pronounced when we evaluate extended pieces of persaution. |
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| General rules we unconsciously follow in estimating probabilities. |
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| Refers to the inclination we may have to assume that our attitudes and those held by people around us are shared by society at large. |
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| Unconscious tendancy to align one's thinking with that of other people. |
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| The tendancy people have to weigh negative information, more heavily then positive information. |
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| People are generally more strongly motivated to avoid a loss than to accrue a gain. (this is a bias) |
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| We find it easier to form negative opinions of people who don't belong to our club, church, party, nationality, or other group. |
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| fundamental attribution error |
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| The tendancy to not appreciate that others behavior is as much constrained by events and circumstances as our own would be if we were in their position. |
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| Something thats either true or false |
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| skills of accepting, rejecting or suspecting judgment about claims. |
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| When theres some doubt about a claim |
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| The other claims that support the conclusion |
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| An argument intended to prove or demonstrate, rather than merely support a conclusion. |
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| A word is ___ if the group of things to which it applies has borderline cases. |
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| A word or phrase in the claim has more than one meaning. |
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| The sentence structure causes ambiguity. |
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| Results when it is not clear whether a word is being used to refer to a group collectively or to members of the group individually |
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| When he or she reasons from the fact that a claim about a group taken collectively is true to the conclusion that the same claim about members or the group taken individually is also true. |
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| When a persom reasons from the fact that each member of a group has a certain property to the conclusion that the group as a whole must have that property. |
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| They tell us what the word ordinarily means. |
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| Sometimes a word needs to take on a special meaning in a given context. |
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| Can be used to reduse vagueness or generally or to eliminate ambiguity |
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| Pointing to, naming, or otherwise identifying one or more examples of the sort of thing to which the term applies. |
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| Giving another word or phrase that means the same as the term being defined. |
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| Specifying the features that a thing must posses in order for the term being defined to apply to it. |
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| That immense body of justified beliefs that consists of facts we learn from our own direct observations and facts we learn from others. |
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| A rough assessment of how credible a claim seems to us. |
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| A person who stands to gain from our belief in a claim. |
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| Parties that have no state in our belief one way or another. |
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