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| Understanding human behavior by placing it within its broader social context |
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| People who share a culture and a territory |
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| The group memberships that people have because of their location in history and society |
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| The application of systematic methods to obrain knowledge and the knowledge obtained by those methods |
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| The intellectual and academic disciplines designed to comprehend, explain, and predict events in our natural environments |
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| The intellectual and academic disciplines designed to understand the social world objectively by means of controlled and repeated observations |
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| A statement that goes beyond the individual case and is applied to a broader group or situation |
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| Those things that everyone knows are true |
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| The use of objective systematic observations to test theories |
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| The application of the scientific approach to the social world |
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| The scientific study of society and human behavior |
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| Marx's term for the struggle between capitalists and workers |
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| Marx's term for capitalists, those who own the means of production |
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| Marx's term for the exploited class, the mass of workers who do not own the means of production |
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| The degree to which members of a group or a society feel united by shared values and other social bonds.. social cohesion |
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| The view that a sociologist's personal values or biases should not influence social research |
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| The standards by which people define what is desirable or undesirable, good or bad, beautiful or ugly |
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| Value neutrality in research |
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| The repetition of a study in order to test its findings |
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| A German word used by Weber that is perhaps best understood as to have insight into someones situation |
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| The meanings that people give their own behavior |
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| Durkheim's term for a group's patterns of behavior |
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| Sociological research for the purpose of making discoveries about life in human groups, not for making changes in those groups |
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| The use of sociology to solve problems from the micro level of family relationships to the macro level of global pollution |
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| A statement about how some part of the world fit together and how they work; an explanation of how two or more facts are related to one another |
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| A theoretical perspective in which socity is viewed as composed of symbols that people use to establish meaning, develop their views of the world, and communicate with one another |
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| A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of various parts, each with a function that, when fulfilled, contributes to society's equlibrium |
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| A theoretical framework in which society is viewed as composed of groups that are competing for scarce resources |
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| An examinationof large-scale patterns of society |
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| An examination of small-scale patterns of society |
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| What people do when they are in one another's presence |
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| Communication without words through gestures, use of space, silence, and so on |
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| Sociology being used for the public good; especially the sociological perspective guiding politicians and policy makers |
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| The extensive interconnections among nations due to the expansion of capitalism |
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| Globalization of Capitalism |
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| Capitalism (investing to make profits within a rational system) becoming the globe's dominant economic system |
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| Founder of sociology, stressed scientific method should be applied to society but did not practice it |
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| Second founder of sociology, "survival of the fittest" (helping the poor is wrong, this is merely helping the less fit survive) |
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| roots of human misery lay in class conflict (exploitation of workers by those who own the means of production), social change was inevitable via overthrowing the capitalists by the workers, influence conflict theorists |
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| Discovered people are more likely to commit suicide if their ties to others in their communities are weak, discovered identification of the key role of social integration in social life remains central to sociology |
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| Used cross-cultural and historical materials to trace the causes of social change and to determine how social groups affect people's orientations to life |
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| Studied relations between blacks and whites, comined the role of academic sociologist with that of social reformer, editor of Crisis |
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| Nobel Prize for Peace by working on behalf of poor immigrants,founded Hull-House, a leader in women's rights and peace movement of World War I |
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| Analyzed the role of the power elite in US society |
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| founder of symbolic interactionism, taught at Univ. of Chicago, students compiled lectures into Mind, Self, and Society |
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| Proponent of functionalism, one of the main theoretical perspectives in sociology |
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| the language, beliefs, values, norms, behaviors, and even material objects that characterize a group and are passed from one generation to the next |
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| The material objects that distinguish a group of people, such as their art, buildings, weapons, utensils, machines, hairstyles, clothing, and jewelry |
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| A group's ways of thinking and doing patterns of behavior |
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| Recurring characteristics or events |
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| The disorientation that people experience when they come in contact witha fundamentally different culture and can no longer depend on their taken for granted assumptions about life |
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| The use of one's own culture as a yeardstick for judging the ways of other individuals or societies, generally leading to a negative evaluation of their values, norms, and behaviors |
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| Not judging a culture but trying to understand it on its own terms |
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| Another term for nonmaterial culture |
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| Something to which people attach meanings and then use to communicate with others |
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| The ways in which people use their bodies to communicate with one another |
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| A system of symbols that can be combined in an infinite number of ways and can represent not only objects but also abstract thought |
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| Edward Sapir and Benjamin Whorf's hypothesis that language creates ways of thinking and perceiving |
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| Expectations, or rules of behavior, that reflect and enforce behavior |
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| Either expressions of approval given to people for upholding norms or expressions of disapproval for violating them |
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| A reward or positive reaction for following norms, ranging from a smile to a material reward |
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| An expression of disapproval for breaking a norm, ranging from a mild, informal reaction such as a frown to a formal reaction such as a prison sentence or an execution |
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| Norms that are not strictly enforced |
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| Norms that are strictly enforced because they are thought essential to core values or to the well-being of the group |
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| A norm so strong that it brings extreme sanctions and even revulsion if someone violates it |
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| The values and related behaviors of a group that distinguish its members from the larger culture; a world within a world |
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| A group whose values, beliefs, norms, and related behaviors place its members in opposition to the broader culture |
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| A society made up of many different groups, with contrasting values and orientations to life |
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| Values that together form a larger whole |
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| Values that contradict one another; to follow the one means to come into conflict with the other |
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| A people's ideal values and norms; the goals held out for them |
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| The norms and values that people actually follow |
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| A value, norm, or other cultural trait that is found in every group |
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| A framwork of thought that views human behavior as the result of natural selection and considers biological factors to be the fundamental cause of human behavior |
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| In its narrow sense, tools; its broader sense includes the skills or procedures necessary to mkae and use those tools |
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| The emerging technologies of an era that have a significant impact on social life |
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| Ogburn's term for human behavior lagging behind technological innovations |
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| The spread of cultural traits from one group to another; includes both material and nonmaterial cultural traits |
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| The process by which cultures become similar to one another; refers especially to the process by which Western culture is being exported and diffused into other nations |
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