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| Scientific, Mental, Behavior, Individual |
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| The scientific study of the behavior of individuals and their mental processes. |
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| the set of procedures used for gathering and interpreting objective information in a way that minimizes error and yields dependable generalizations. |
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| The actions by which an organism adjusts to its environment. |
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| Scientific Aspect of Psychology |
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| It requires that psychological conclusions be based on evidence collected according to the principles of the scientific method. |
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| The workings of the human mind. |
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| Describing what happens, Explaining what happens, Predicting what will happen, and Controlling what happens |
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| What is the first task in psychology? |
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| The first task in psychology is to make accurate observations about behavior. |
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| observational reports about the behavior of organisms and the conditions which the behavior occurs or changes. |
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| Levels of Analysis & Objectivity |
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| When researchers undertake data collection, they must choos an appropriate level of analysis and devise measures of behavior that ensures objectivity |
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| Explanations in psychology usually recognize that most behavior is influence by a combination of factors. |
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| What are predictions in psychology? |
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| Predictions in psychology are statements about he likelihood that a certain behavior will occur or that a given relationship will be found. |
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| What is a central and powerful goal of psychology? |
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| Control means making behavior happen or not happen - starting it, maintaining it, stopping i, and influencing its form, strength, or rate of occurence. |
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| One of the first experimental psychologists. "Psychology as a long past, but only a short history" |
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| Predictions must be accurate, comprehensive, precise and testable. |
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| Describe, explain, predict and control - the 4 goals of psychology. |
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| Isolating and controlling behaviors |
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| Isolating and controlling behaviors can help determine casuality or give specifics on when, why, how a behavior occurs. |
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| In early centuries, psychology was really forms of philosophy. |
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| Mind is a blank slate or vessel that is impressed upon. |
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| Influenced by Aristotle, believed in blank slate mentality. |
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| A philosophical basis of psychology, where individuals begin life with mental structures that shape the way their world is interpreted. |
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| Inspired by Plato, Nativist approach, believed that people begin like with innate desires and mental structures that help them make sense of the world |
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| Critical figure in the evolution of modern psychology, founded the first formal lab devoted to experimental psychology. |
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| became one of the first psychologists in the US, founding the lab at Cornell Univserity, worked under Wundt |
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| Brother of Henry James, wrote the Principles of Psychology |
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| Founded the American Psychological Association in 1892 |
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| Individuals systematic examination of their own thoughts and feelings. |
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| The study of the structure of the mind and behavior; the view that all human mental experience can e understood as a combination of simple elements or events. |
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| A school of psychology that maintains that pscyhological phenomena can be understood only when viewed as organized, structured wholes, not when broken down into primitive perceptual elements. |
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| The perspective on mind and behavior that focuses on the examination of their functions in an organisms interactions with their environment. |
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| Studies the structure of the mind and behavior, reactions to stimuli; answers "what is happening"; analyzed elements of the mind. |
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| Critiques of Structuralism |
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Reductionist - reduced the complex into simplistic
Elemental - combined parts into whole rather than focusing on complexity
Mentalistic - based only on individuals report of concsious awareness |
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James and Dewey; Properties of the mind and interactions with the environment
Sought to explain
Adapting to the environment
What is the purpose?
Uniqueness of the individual, more complex and not reduced to formulas |
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| Studied with William James, First woman president of APA, Completed PhD requirements but not granted a diploma |
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| First woman to received a PhD in Psychology, wrote the Animal Mind, 2nd woman president of APA |
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| Researched differences in sexes, attached personal biases in research |
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| Leta Stetter Hollingsworth |
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| Studied gender differences, attached idea that men are genetically superior to women |
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| Psychodynamic perspective |
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| a psychological model in which behavior is explained in terms of past experiences and motivational forces; actions are viewed as stemming from inherited instincts, biological drives and attempts to resolve conflicts between personal needs and social requirements |
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Psychodynamic Perpsective
Believed that people seek pleasure/avoid pain
Inner and outside forces lead to conflict of the individual
Human nature is not always rational and not always in conscious awareness |
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| Psychodynamic Perspective |
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Behavior is driven by inner forces
Resolve personal and social demands/expectations, resulting in anxiety, Neo Freudians beliefs include interactions of many influences over the lifetime |
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Behv is driven by environmental stimuli
Antecedent Behavior (leading up)
Behavioral Response (action)
Consequences of Behavior (follows behv)
Watson (sought laws that govern behavior through species)
Skinner (looked past Watson's perspective to include consequence)
Focuses on evidence based practice
Gives support to supportive parenting practices and modifying behaviors across the lifespan |
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| Patterns in Behavior related to life history |
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He believed that individuals have natural path towards psycholigical growth and health
Positive regard by others reinforces this |
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Self actualization
Individuals strive to reach fullest potential |
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| Body/Mind/Behavior bio-psychosocial |
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| Psychology is not just scientific, but integrates many disciplines into understanding the individual (or, the human-get it?) |
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| Attending, Thinking, Remembering, Understanding |
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| We think therefore we act |
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| Behavior can emerge through the novel ways an individual thinks about something |
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Biological cause for behavior, changing hormones, genes, the brain, nervous system.
Biochemicals in cells promote behaviors.
Analyze and reduce all behaviors into simpler parts related to biochemical processes
Behavioral Neuroscience |
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Adaptation based
Natural Selection
Behaviors that contribute most positively to the environment and individual survive
Hard to establish as evidence based |
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| Sociocultural perpsective |
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| CRoss cultural differences in behavior |
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| Steps in the Research Process |
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1. Initial Observation
2. Form a Hypothesis
3. Design the Study
4. Analyze the Data or Draw Conclusions
5. Report the Findings
6. Consider Open Questions
7. Act on Open Questions |
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| An organized set of concepts that attempts to explain a phenomenon or set of phenomena. |
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Public Verifiability
Peer Review
Challenge to Objectivity
File Drawer Effect |
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| Produced by observer bias, researcher believes that something didn't happen when it did (statistical error or design flaw) |
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| Researcher believes something happened when it didn't. Caused by observer bias. |
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| How do we counteract biases/beliefs? |
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| Standardizing, Operational Definition |
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| Manipulated by the researcher, causal part of the research model, changes the dependent variable |
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| Measured by the researcher, Effect of the research model, relies on the independent variable for effect |
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Alternative explanation
It is another variable that is not accounted for by the model (not introduced by the researcher) might be contributing to the findings |
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| It is subtle communication to participants or other researchers regarding the intent of the study that influences results. |
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Behavior changes in absence of behavioral manipulation
THe participant can perceive an expected reaction (whether correct or not) and act accordingly - not great with your results. |
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| Control Procedure where assistants and participants are blind to the expectations of the study or the experimental group of the participants. |
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| Control Procedure where experimental procedures are not carried out in a group to get a control group to compare to. |
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| The doctrine that all events - physical, behavioral, and mental - are determined by specific causal factors that are potentially knowable. |
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| A tentative and testable explanation of the relationship between two or more events or variables; often stated as prediction that certain outcome will result from specific conditions. |
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| The distortion of evidence because of the personal motives and expectations of the viewer. |
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| A set of uniform procedures for treating each participant in a test, interview, or experiment, or for recording data. |
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| A definition of a variable or condition in terms of the specific operation or procedure used to determine its presence. |
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| in an experimental setting, a factor that varies in amount and kind. |
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| In an experimental setting, a variable that the researcher manipulates to assess the impact on values of the dependent variable. |
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| In an experimental setting, a variable that the researcher measures to assess the impact of a variation in an independent variable. |
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| Research methodology that involves the manipulation of independent variables to determine their effects on the dependent variables. |
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| A research design in which different groups of participants are randomly assigned to experimental conditions or to control conditions. |
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| A procedure by which participants have an equal likelihood of being assigned to any condition within an experiment. |
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| A group in an experiment that is exposed to a treatment or experiences a manipulation of the independent variable. |
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| A group in an experiment that is not exposed to a treatment or does not experience a manipulation of the independent variable. |
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| The entire set of individuals to which generalizations will be based on an experimental sample. |
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| A subset of a population selected as participants in an experiment. |
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| A subset of population that closely matches the overall characteristics of the population with respect to the distribution of males and females, racial and ethnic groups, and so on. |
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| A procedure that ensure that every member of a population has an equal likelihood of participating in an experiment. |
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| A research design that uses each participant as his or her own control; for example, the behavior of an experimental participant before receiving treatment might be compared to his or her behavior after receiving treatment. |
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| Research methodology that determines to what extent two variables, traits, or attributes are related. |
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| A statistic that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables. |
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| The degree to which a test produces similar scores each time it is used; stability or consistency of the scores produced by an instrument. |
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| The extent to which a test measures what it was intended to measure. |
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| A self-behavior that is identified through a participants own observation and reports. |
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| overt actions or reaction that is observed and recored, exclusive of selfreported behavior |
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| A research technique in which unobtrusive observations are made of behaviors that occur in natural environments. |
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| intensive observation of a particular individual or small group of individuals |
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| The process through which individuals are informed about experimental procedures, risks, and benefits before they provide formal consent to become research participants. |
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| A procedure at the end of an experiment in which the researcher provides the participants with as much info about the study as possible and makes sure that no participant leaves feeling confused, upset, or embarrassed. |
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