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| Science of Human development |
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Definition
| the science that seeks to understand how and why people of all ages and circumstances change or remain the same over time. |
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| based on observations, repeated experiences, verifiable experiments, not theoritical |
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| a way to answer questions using emperical research and data based conclusions |
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| the repetition of a study using different participation |
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| a general term for the traits capacity and limitations that each individaul inhirits genetically from his or her parents at the moment of conception |
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| a general term for all the environmental influences that affect development after an individual conceived. |
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| a time when a particular type of development growth must happen if it is ever going to happen |
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| a time when a cetain type of development is most likely to happen, althought it may still happen later |
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| a view of human develoment as an on going ever changing interaction between the physical and emotional being and between the person and every aspect of his or her enviroment, including the family and society |
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| an approach of the study of human development that takes into account all phases of life, not just childhood or adulthood |
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| ecological system approach |
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| the view that in the study of human development the person should be considered in all the contexts and interactions that constitute a life |
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| a group defined by the shared age of its members, each was born at about the same time and moves through life together, experiencing the same historical events and culture shifts |
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| socioeconomic status (SES) |
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| a persons position in society as determined by income, wealth, occupation, education and place of residence (social class) |
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| people whose ancestors were born in the same region and who often share a language, culture and religion |
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| a group of people who one regarded by themselves or by others as distinct from other groups on the basis of physical appearance |
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| cells in an observers brain that respond to an action performed by someone else in the same way they would if the observer had actually performed that action |
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| a method of testing a hypothesis by unobtrusively watching and recording particitipants behavior in a systematic and objective manner |
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| a research method in which the researcher tries to determine the cause and effect relationship between two variables by manipulating one and then observing and recording the ensuring changes in other |
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| in an experiment the variable that is introduced to see what effect it has on the dependent variable |
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| in an experiment the variable that may change as a result of whatever new condition or situation the experimenter adds |
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| a researchmethod in which information is collected from a large number of peopleby interviews written questions or some other means |
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| a research design that compares groups of people who differ in age but are similar in other important characteristics |
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| a research design in which the same individuals are followed over time individuals are followed over time and their development is repeated assessed |
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| cross-sequential research |
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| a hybrid research design in which researchers first study several groups of people of different ages. |
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| a number between +1.0 and -1.0 that indicates the degree of relationship between two variables, expresses in term of the likelihood that one variable will or will not occur when the other variable does or does not |
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| reserch that provides datda that can be expressed with number such as ranks or scales |
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| research that considers qualities instead of quantaties |
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| a set of morals principles tht members of a proession or group are expected to follow |
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| Institutional Review Board(IRB) |
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| a group tht exist most within most educational and medical institutions whose purpose id to ensure that research follows established guidlines and remains ethical |
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| a group of ideas assumption and generalization that interpret ans illuminate the thousands of observations that have been made about human growth |
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| a grand theory of human development that holds irrational, unconscious drives and motives |
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| a grand theory of human development that studies observable behavior |
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| according to behaviorism the process by which responses become linked to particular stimuli and learning takes place |
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| the learning process in which a meanful stimulus is connected with a neutral stimulus |
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| the learning process by which a particular action is followed by somthing desired which makes individuals more likely to repeat the action or by something unwanted |
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| a technique for conditioning behavior in which that behavior is followed by something desired, such as for a hungry animal or welcoming smile for a lonely person |
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| an extension of behaviorism that emphasizes the influence that other people have over a persons behavior |
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| the central process of social learning by which a person observes the actions of the others and copies them |
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| in social learning theory the belief of some people that they are able to change themselves and effectively alter the social context |
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| a grand theory of human developmetn that focuses on changes in how people think over time . our thoughts shape our attitude, beliefs and behavior |
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| in cognitive theory a state of mental balance in which people are not confused because they can use their existing thought processes to understand current experiences and ideas |
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| the reinterpretation of new experience to fit into old ideas |
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| the restructuring of old ideas to include new experiences |
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| a perspective that compares human thinking processes by analogy to computer analysis of data, including sensory input, connections, stored memories and output |
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| an emergent theory that holds development results from the dynamic interaction of each person with the surrrounding social and cultural forces |
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| apprenticeship in thinking |
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| Vygotshy's term for how cognition is stimulated and developed in people by older and more skilled members of society |
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| zone of proximal development |
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| in socioculture theory a metaphorical area or zone surrounding a learner that includes all the skills, knowledge and concept that the person is close to acquring but cannot yet master w/o help |
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| a theory that stresses the potential of all humans for good all the beliefs that all people have the same basic needs, regardless of culture, gender or background |
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| the process by which living creatures adjust to their environment |
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| the approach taken by most developmentalist in which they apply aspects of each of the various theories of development rather than adhering exclusively to one theory |
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| the first-two weeks of prenatal development after conception characterized by rapid cell division and the beginning of cell differentiation |
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| the stage of prenatal development from approximately the third though the eight weeks after conception, during which the basic forms of all body structures including internal organs develop |
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| the stage of prenatal development from the ninth week after conception until birth during which the fetus gains about 7 pounds and organs become more mature, gradually able to function on their own |
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| the process beginning about 10 days after conception in which the developing organism burrows into the placenta that lines the uterus, where it can be nourished and protected as it continues to develope |
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| the name for developing human organisms from the third through the eight week after conception |
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| the name for a developing human organism from the start of the ninth week after conception until birth |
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| an image of a fetus for an internal organ produced by using high freguency sound waves |
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| the age (22wks after concption) at which the fetus may survive outside the mothers uterus if specialized medical care is available |
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| a quick assasssment of a newborns health. it measures the babys color, heart rate, reflexes, muscle tone and respitory effort are given a score of 0, 1, 2 twice at one minute and five minutes after birth and each time total of all five scores is compared w/the maximum score of 10 |
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| Cesarean section( C-section) |
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| a surgical birth in which incisions throught the mothers abdomen and uterus allow the fetus to be removed quickly, instead of being delivered through the vagina |
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| a woman who helps with the birth process. traditionally in Latin America, a doula was only proffessional who attended childbirth |
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| many US couples like this benifit from a doulas gentle touch, strong pressure and sensitive undestanding |
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| a situation in which a certain teratogen is relatively harmless in small doses but becomes harmful once exposure reaches a certain level |
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| fatal alcohol syndrome(FAS) |
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| a cluster of birth defects, including abnormal facial characteristics, slow physical growth and retarded mental development that may occur in the child of the woman who drinls alcohol while pregnant |
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a body weight at birth of less than 5 1/2 pounds (2500grams) |
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| very low birthweight (VLBW) |
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| a body weight at birth of less than 3 pounds 5oz. (1500grams) |
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| extremely Low birthweight (ELBW) |
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| a body weight at birth of less that 2 pounds 3oz (1000grams) |
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| a birth that occurs 3 or more weeks before the full 38 weeks of the typical pregnancy- at 35 weeks of fewer weeks after concepption |
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| small for gestational age(SGA) |
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| a term for a baby whose birthweight is significantly lower than the expected, giving since the time of conception |
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| a disorder that results from damage to the brains motor centers have difficulty with muscle control |
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| lack of oxygen that if proplong can cause brain damage or death |
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| Brazelton Neonatal behavioral Assessment Scale (NBAS) |
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| a test often administered to newborn that measures responsiveness and record 46 behavior including 20 reflexes |
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| an unlearned, involunterary actionor movement that responds to a stimilus, it occur without conciuos thoughts |
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| symptoms of pregnancy and birth experience by the father |
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| a new mothers feeling of inadequacy and sadness in the days and weeks after giving birth |
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| the strong, loving connection that forms as parents hold, examine and feed their newborn |
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