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Chapter 1&2
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75
Psychology
Undergraduate 4
05/14/2009

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

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Term
child development
Definition
the sequence of physical, cognitive, physiological, and social changes that children undergo as they grow older
Term
theory
Definition
a broad framework or set of principles that can be used to guide the collection and interpretation of a set of facts
Term
phylogency
Definition
the evolutionary history of species
Term
culture
Definition
people's design for living as encoded in their language and seen in the physical artifacts, beliefs, values, customs, and activities that have been passed down from one generation to the next
Term
ontogeny
Definition
the development of an individual organism during its lifetime
Term
nature
Definition
the inherited biological predisposition of an individual
Term
nuture
Definition
the influences of the social and cultural environment of the individual
Term
plasticity
Definition
the degree to which and the conditions under which development is open to change and intervention
Term
critical period
Definition
a period during which specific biological or environmental events are required for normal development to occur
Term
sensitive period
Definition
a time in an organism's development when a particular experience has an especially profound effect
Term
objectivity
Definition
the requirement that scientific knowledge not be distorted by the investigator's preconceptions
Term
reliability
Definition
the scientific requirement that when the same behavior is measured on two or more occasions by the save or different observes, the measurements be consistent with each other
Term
replicability
Definition
the scientific requirement that other researchers can use the same procedures as an initial investigator did and obtain the same results
Term
validity
Definition
the scientific requirement that the data being collected actually reflect the pheonomenon being studied.
Term
triangulation
Definition
when two or more methods are combined to confirm conclusions about factors causing a particular behavior
Term
naturalistic observation
Definition
observation of the actual behavior of people in the course of their everyday lives
Term
ethology
Definition
an interdisciplinary science that sties the biological and evolutionary foundations of behavior
Term
ethnography
Definition
the study of the cultural organization of behavior
Term
ecology
Definition
the range of situations in which people are actors, the roles they play, the predicaments they encounter, and the consequences of those encounters
Term
developmental niche
Definition
the physical and social context in which a child lives, including the child-rearing and education practices of the society and the psychological characteristics of the parents
Term
experiment
Definition
research in which a change is introduced in a person's experience and the effect of that change is measured
Term
scientific hypothesis
Definition
the assumption that is precise enough to be tested as true or false through properly planned comparison
Term
experiemental group
Definition
the person in an experiment whose experience is changed as part of the experiment
Term
control group
Definition
the group in an experiment that is treated as much as possible like the experimental group except that it does not participate in the experimental manipulation
Term
ecological validity
Definition
the extent to which behavior is studied in one environment is characteristic of behavior exhibited by the same person in a range of environments
Term
clinical method
Definition
a research method in which questions are tailored to the individual, with each question depending on the answer to the proceeding one
Term
research design
Definition
the overall plan describing how a study is put together; it is developed before conducting research
Term
longitudinal design
Definition
a research design in which data is gathered about he same group f children as they grow older over an extended period of time
Term
cross-sectional design
Definition
a research design in which children of various ages are studied at one time
Term
cross-sectional design
Definition
a research design in which children of various ages are studied at one time
Term
microgenetic design
Definition
a research method in which children's development is studied intensively over a relatively short period of time
Term
cohort
Definition
a group of persons born about the same time who are therefore likely to share the same experiences
Term
cohort sequential design
Definition
an experiment design in which the longitudinal method is replicated with several cohorts
Term
endogenous
Definition
the term applied to causes of development that arise as a consequence of the organism's biological heritage
Term
maturation
Definition
sequence of changes that are strongly influenced by genetic inheritance and that occur as individuals grow older
Term
exogenous
Definition
the term applied to causes of development that come from the environment, particularly from the adults who shape children behavior and beliefs.
Term
learning
Definition
the process by which an organisms behavior is modified as a result of experience
Term
bio-social behavioral shift
Definition
a transition point in development, during which a convergence of biological, social, and behavioral changes gives rise to cause distinctively new forms of behavior
Term
chromosome
Definition
a thread-like structure made up of genes. In humans, there are 46 in every cell, except sperm and ova
Term
DNA
Definition
a long ds molecule that makes up chomosomes
Term
genes
Definition
the segments of a DNA molecule that acts as hereditary blueprints for the organism's development
Term
zygote
Definition
a single cell formed at conception from the union of the sperm and ovum
Term
mitosis
Definition
the process of cell duplication and division that generates all the individual;s cells except sperm and ova
Term
somatic cells
Definition
the cells in the body except germ cells
Term
germ cells
Definition
the sperm and ova, which are specialize for sexual reproduction and have half the number or chromosomes normal for a species
Term
meosis
Definition
the process that produces sperm and ova, each which contains only half of parent's orginal complement of 46 chromosomes
Term
crossing over
Definition
the process by which genetic material is exchanged between chromosomes containing genes for the same characterisitcs
Term
monozygotic twins
Definition
twins that come from one zygote and have identical gneotypes
Term
dizygotic twins
Definition
twins that come from two zygotes
Term
f
Definition
f
Term
x & Y chromosomes
Definition
two chomosomes that determines the sex of the individual. Normal females have XX and males have XY. One inherited from mom and other from dad
Term
genotype
Definition
the genetic endowment of an individual
Term
phenotype
Definition
the organism's observable characteristics that result from the interaction of the genotype with environment
Term
environment
Definition
the totality of conditions and circumstances that surround the organism
Term
allele
Definition
the specific form of a gene coded for a particular trait
Term
homozygous
Definition
having inherited two genes of the same allelic form of a trait
Term
heterozygous
Definition
having inherited two genes of different allelic forms of a trait
Term
dominant allele
Definition
the allele that is expressed when an inidiv has two different alleles for the same trait
Term
recessive allele
Definition
the allele that is not expressed when an individual has two different alleles for the same trait
Term
codominance
Definition
outcome in which a trait that is determined by two alleles is different from the trait produced by either of the contributing alleles alone
Term
discrete traits
Definition
traits involving a single gene that operates as "either-or" traits because a person either has one or does not
Term
polygenic traits
Definition
a genetic trait that is determined by the interaction of several genes
Term
sex-linked charactersitcs
Definition
traits determined by genes that are found on only x or y chorom
Term
behavioral genticist
Definition
a researcher who studies hos genetic and enviromental factors combine to produce individual differences in behavior
Term
range of reaction
Definition
the possible phenotypes for a single genotype that are compatible with the continued life of an organism
Term
canalization
Definition
the process that makes some traits relatively invulnerable to environmental events
Term
heritability
Definition
a measure of the degree to which a variation in a particular trait among indiviuals is related to genetic differences among those individuals
Term
kinship studies
Definition
the use of naturally occuring conditions provided by kinship relations to estimate genetic environment contributions to phenotypic traits
Term
family study
Definition
a study that compares members of a family to determine how similar they are on a given trait
Term
twin study
Definition
a study which groups of ID twins and fraternal twins or the same sex are compare to each other and to other famlly members for the similarity on a given trait
Term
adoption study
Definition
a study in which genetically related indiv who are raised in different family environments or genetically unrelated indiv living in same family are compared to determine the extent to which heredity or environment controls a given trait
Term
gene pool
Definition
the total variety of genetic infomration possessed by a sexually reproducing pop
Term
mutation
Definition
an error in the process of gene replication that results in a change in the molecular structure of DNA
Term
neme
Definition
a basic unit of cultural inheritance. like genes, nemes evolve and are transmitted over time, but they are passed down through social, rather than biological processes
Term
coevolution
Definition
the combined process that emerges from the interaction of biological evolution and cultural evolution.
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