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| An extremely heat- and chemical-resistant, dormant, thick-walled spore that develops within some gram-positive bacteria. |
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| The theory that the eucaryotic organelles mitochondria and chloroplasts arose when bacteria estblished an endosymbiotic relationship with ancestral cells and then evolved into organelles. |
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| The domain that contains organisms composed of eucaryotic cells with primarily glycerol fatty acyl diesters in their membranes and eucaryotic rRNA. |
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| A thin, threadlike appendage on many procaryotic and eucaryotic cells that is responsible for their motility. |
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| A well-defined group of one or more species that is clearly separate from other organisms. |
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Koch employed a series of Postulates to establish relationships as causative agents of disease:
1. The microbe must be present in every case of disease but absent in healthy organisms.
2. The suspected microbe must be isolated and grown in pure culture.
3. The same disease must result when the isolated organism is inoculated into a healthy host.
4. The same microbe must be re-isolated from the diseased host. |
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| An organism that uses reduced, preformed organic molecules as its principle carbon source. |
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| The process in which genes are transferred from one mature, independent organism to another. |
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the old mode for taxonomy of organisms (5 Kingdoms)
-Based Primarily Phenetic Observations
- Membrane Size
- Cell Size
- Cell organization
-Kingdoms were: Animalia,Plantae, Fungi, Protista, and Monera |
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| Developed solid microbiological medias for obtaining isolated pure cultures of bacteria. demonstrated the role of bacteria in causing disease. Employed a series of postulates (Koch’s Postulates: Germ Theory of Disease) to establish relationships as causative agents of disease. |
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| Developed Binomial Nomenclature |
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| Found aseptic technique. Believed that germs on the skin & surgical equipment caused wound infections. (also heat-sterilized instruments). |
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"Last Universal Common Ancestor"
Lack of Fossil Evidence to confirm LUCA:
- Small Microbe Cell Walls
- small size of cells
- can look for signature compounds of life.
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| An Organism that is too cmall to be seen clearly with the naked eye. |
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| A branch of bioscience dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features. |
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| A strain that is differentiated on the basis of morphological distinctions. |
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| a permanent, heritable change in genetic material. |
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| An irregularily shaped region in the procaryotic cell that contains its genetic material. |
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| A membrane-enclosed organelle found in eukaryotic cells. It contains most of the cell's genetic material organized as multiple long linear DNA molecules in complex with a large variety of proteins, in the form of histones, to form chromosomes. |
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| A stucture withing or on a cell that performs specific functions and is related to the cell in a way similar to that of an organ to the body. |
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| Is the movement and exchange of organic and inorganic matter back into the production of living matter. |
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| A large polymer of long chains of alternating N-actetylglucosamine and N-acetylmuramic acid residues. It provides much of the strength and rigidity possessed by bacterial cells walls. |
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| A classification system that groups organisms together based on the similarity of their observable characteristics. |
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| Phylogenic Classification |
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| A classification system based on evolutionary relationships rather than the general similarity of their observable characteristics. |
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| Refers to bacteria that are variable in shape and lack a single, characteristic form. |
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| A thing suggested or assumed as true as the basis for reasoning, discussion, or belief. |
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- Exists only as unicellular organisms.
- Lack Mitochondria, Golgi bodies, and chloroplasts.
- Condensed region of DNA is not bound by a membrane--> nucleoid.
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- Can be unicellular, or multi-cellular.
- Have mitochondria, chloroplasts, Golgi Bodies.
- Condensed region of DNA is bound by membrane (nuleus).
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| Unicellular (and rarely acellular) eucaryotic organisms that lack cellular differentiation into tissues. Vegetative cell differentiation is limited to cells involved in sexual reproduction, alternate vegetative morphology, or restiing states such as cysts. |
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| Is a major cell wall component of some archae that differs from bacterial peptidoglycan in chemical structure, but resembles eubacterial peptidoglycan in morphology, function, and physical structure. |
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| A nonpermanent cytoplasmic extension of the cell body by which amoebid protists move and feed. |
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| A population of cells that are indentical because they arise from a single cell. |
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challenged Spontaneous Generation with a set of experiments using decaying meat and maggots. Ended up proving theory was wrong. |
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| The theory that posits that the first self-replicating molecule was RNA and this lef to the evolution of the first ever primitive cell. |
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An organism taht takes up nonliving organic nutrients in dissolved form and usually grows on decomposing organic matter.
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allowed air to enter a flask containing a sterile nutrient solution after the air had passed through a red-hot tube. The flask remained sterile.—concluded air carries germs. |
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allowed air to enter a flask of heat-sterilized medium after it had passed through sterile cotton wool. Now growth occurred in the medium even though the air had not been heated.
-concluded that cotton/wool can keep germs out when used as a stopper and that air carries germs that are obstructed by the cotton/wool. |
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| A technique or serological procedure used to differentiate between strands (serovars or serotypes) of microorganisms taht have differences in the antigenic composition of a structure or product. |
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proposed that air carried germs to the culture medium, but also commented that the external air might be required for growth of animals already in the medium. The Supporters of Spontaneous Generation maintained that heating the air in the sealed flasks destroyed its ability to support life. |
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Species of higher organisms are groups of interbreeding or potentially interbreeding natural populations that are reproductively isolated.
Procaryotic species are collections of strains that have many stable properties in common and differ significantly from other groups of strains. |
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| A rigid, spiral-shaped bacterium. |
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| A flexible, spiral-shaped bacterium with periplasmic flagella. |
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| Theory that living organisms could develop from nonliving matter. |
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| The process by which all living cells, viable spores, viruses, and viroids are either destroyed or removed from an object or habitat. |
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| A population of organisms that descends from a single organism or pure culture isolate. |
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The taxonomic group that categorizes all life forms on the earth.
Two Superdomains:
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The science of biological classification; it consists of three parts:
- classification
- nomenclature
- identification
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notes that conditions of sterilization were different between all of the individuals who tried to repeat Pasteur.
-Hypothesized that some forms of germs may be more resistant to heat. |
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| A preparation of either killed mircoorganisms; living, weakened (attenuated) mircroorganisms; or inactivated bacterial toxins (toxoids). It is administered to induce development of the immune response and protect the individual against a pathogen or a toxin. |
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| Passing of genes in Eukaryotes from one generation to another. |
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| created microscope. Men’s clothes maker, wanted to prove that his fibers were better. 300x. Discovered “animalcules” (bacteria and protozoa) and described several morphologies. |
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| A rod-shaped bacterial cell that is curved to form a comma or an incomplete spiral. |
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| Not actual living organisms. Viruses are an example. Organisms that need other organisms to live off of. |
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| • Gelatin- like substance used to culture bacteria. More stable at higher temps and most bacteria don’t use it. Koch used this in his experiments. |
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| very simple autotrophic organisms. Can be unicellular to multicellular. Photosynthetic like plants but not as organized. |
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| Microscopic animals or protozoans. |
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| Single celled microorganisms. No nucleus or other membrane bound organelles. |
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| Organism that makes organic material from simple non-organic material through photosynthesis or chemosynthesis |
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| Gram +, rod shaped bacteria |
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| domain of prokaryotic microorganisms. |
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| • Form of asexual reproduction used by all prokaryotes. The cell produces two smaller cells that are both viable and can grow and reproduce. |
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| Use of microorganisms metabolism to remove pollutants. |
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| A variant prokaryotic strain that differs biochemically and/ or physiologically from other strains in a specific species |
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| Organism that is made up of cell either unicellular or multicellular |
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| hair like organelle found on eukaryotic cells. Used as a sensory and movement organelle. |
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| Bacterium with a spherical shape |
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| Demonstrated the existence of heat resistant germs. He and Tyndall formed a unified concept of sterilization |
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| Skeleton of the cell in the cells cytoplasm made up of protein. |
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