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Chapter 07
Urinary System
266
Biology
Professional
01/16/2011

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Term
Define arteriole
Definition
small artery
Term
Define calyx or calix
Definition
cup like collecting region of the renal pelvis
Term
Define catheter
Definition
tube for injecting or removing fluids
Term
Define cortex
Definition
outer region of an organ
Term
Define cortical
Definition
pertaining to the cortex
Term
Define creatinine
Definition
nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
Term
Define creatinine clearance
Definition
a measure of the efficiency of the kidneys in removing (clearing) creatinine from the blood
Term
Define electrolyte
Definition
chemical element that carries an electrical charge when dissolved in water
Term
Define erythropoietin
Definition
hormone secreted by the kidney to stimulate the production of red blood cells by bone marrow
Term
Define -poietin
Definition
substance that forms
Term
Define filtration
Definition
process whereby some substances, but not all, pass thru a filter
Term
Define glomerular capsule
Definition
enclosing structure surrounding each glomerulus
Term
What is the purpose of the Bowman capsule (glomerular capsule)?
Definition
collects the material that is filtered from the blood thru the walls of the glomerulus
Term
Define glomerulus (plural: glomeruli)
Definition
tiny ball of capillaries (microscopic blood vessels) in the kidney
Term
Define hilum
Definition
depression in an organ where blood vessels and nerves enter and leave.
Term
What is the purpose of the kidney?
Definition
filter nitrogenous wastes from the bloodstream to form urine
Term
Define meatus
Definition
opening or canal
Term
Define medulla
Definition
inner region of an organ
Term
Define medullary
Definition
pertaining to the medulla
Term
Define nephron
Definition
combination of glomerulus and renal tubule (1 million per kidney)
Term
What is the function of the nephron?
Definition
Filter water, sugar, salt, urea, other wastes.
Reabsorps water, sugar, salt
Secrete acids, potassium & drugs
Term
Define nitrogenous waste
Definition
substance containing nitrogen and excreted in urine
Term
Define potassium
Definition
electrolyte regulated by kidney
Term
Define renal artery
Definition
blood vessel that carries blood to the kidney
Term
Define renal pelvis
Definition
central collecting region in the kidney
Term
Define renal tubule
Definition
microscopic tubes in the kidney where urine is formed after filtration
Term
Define renal vein
Definition
blood vessel that carries blood away from the kidney and toward the heart.
Term
Define renin
Definition
hormone secreted by the kidney to raise blood pressure by vasoconstriction
Term
Define sodium
Definition
electrolyte regulated in the blood and urine by the kidneys
Term
Define trigone
Definition
triangular area in the urinary bladder
Term
Define urea
Definition
major nitrogenous waste excreted in urine
Term
Define ureter
Definition
one of two tubes leading from the kidneys to the urinary bladder.
Term
Define urethra
Definition
tube leading from the urinary bladder tot he outside of the body.
Term
Define uric acid
Definition
nitrogenous waste excreted in the urine.
Term
Define micturition
Definition
urination or voiding
Term
Define cali/o, calic/o
Definition
calyx (calix)
Term
Define cyst/o
Definition
urinary bladder
Term
Define glomerul/o
Definition
glomerulus
Term
Define meat/o
Definition
meatus
Term
Define nephr/o
Definition
kidney
Term
Define pyel/o
Definition
renal pelvis
Term
Define ren/o
Definition
kidney
Term
Define trigon/o
Definition
trigone (region of the bladder)
Term
Define ureter/o
Definition
ureter
Term
Define urethr/o
Definition
urethra
Term
Define vesic/o
Definition
urinary bladder
Term
Define albumin/o
Definition
albumin
Term
Define azot/o
Definition
nitrogen
Term
Define bacteri/o
Definition
bacteria
Term
Define dips/o
Definition
thirst
Term
Define kal/o
Definition
potassium
Term
Define det/o, ketone/o
Definition
ketone bodies (ketoacids and acetone)
Term
Define lith/o
Definition
stone
Term
Define natr/o
Definition
sodium
Term
Define noct/o
Definition
night
Term
Define olig/o
Definition
scanty
Term
Define -poietin
Definition
substance that forms
Term
Define py/o
Definition
pus
Term
Define =tripsy
Definition
crushing
Term
Define ur/o
Definition
urine (urea)
Term
Define urin/o
Definition
urine
Term
Define -uria
Definition
urination; urine condition
Term
Define turbid
Definition
cloudy
Term
Name the condition: inflammation of the glomeruli within the kidney
Definition
glomerulonephritis
Term
Name the condition: inflammation of connective tissue that lies between the renal tubules
Definition
interstitial nephritis
Term
Name the conditon: kidney stones
Definition
nephrolithiasis
Term
Name the conditon: group of clinical signs and symptoms caused by excessive protein loss in urine.
Definition
nephrotic syndrome (nephrosis)
Term
Name the conditon: multiple fluid filled sacs (cysts) within and on the kidney
Definition
polycystic kidney disease (PKD)
Term
Name the conditon: inflammation of the lining of the renal pelvis and renal parenchyma
Definition
pyelonephritis
Term
Name the conditon: cancerous tumor of the kidney in adulthood (2 names)
Definition
renal cell carcinoma (hypernephroma)
Term
Name the conditon: kidney decreases excretion of wastes as a result of impaired filtration function
Definition
renal failure
Term
Name the conditon: high blood pressure resulting from kidney disease
Definition
renal hypertension
Term
Name the conditon: malignant tumor of the kidney occurring in childhood
Definition
Wilms tumor
Term
Name the conditon: malignant tumor of the urinary bladder
Definition
bladder cancer
Term
Name the conditon: antidiuretic hormone is not secreted adequately or the kidney is resistant to its effect
Definition
diabetes insipidus
Term
Name the conditon: insulin is not secreted adequately or not used properly in the body
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
Name the laboratory test: measurement of urea levels in blood
Definition
BUN (blood urea nitrogen)
Term
Name the laboratory test: measurement of the rate at which creatinine is cleared from the blood by the kidney
Definition
creatinine clearance
Term
Name the laboratory test: xray exam without contrast of kidneys, ureters, and bladder
Definition
KUB (kidneys, ureters, and bladder)
Term
Name the laboratory test: xray exam with contrast of blood vessels of the kidney
Definition
renal angiography
Term
Name the laboratory test: xray imaging of the renal pelvis and ureters after injection of contrast thru a urinary catheter in t the ureters from the bladder.
Definition
retrograde pyelogram (RP)
Term
Name the laboratory test: xray record (with contrast) of the urinary bladder and urethra obtained while the pt is voiding
Definition
voiding cystourethrogram (VCUG)
Term
Name the laboratory test: image of the kidney after injecting a radioactive substance into the bloodstream
Definition
radioisotoe scan
Term
Name the laboratory test: imaging of urinary tract structures using high frequency sound waves
Definition
ultrasonography
Term
Name the procedure: direct visualization of the urethra and urinary bladder with an endoscope (cystoscope)
Definition
cystoscopy
Term
Name the procedure: process of separating nitrogenous waste materials from the blood
Definition
dialysis
Term
Name the procedure: artificial kidney machine that receives waste filled blood from the pts bloodstream, filters it, and returns the blood to the pts body
Definition
hemodialysis (HD)
Term
Name the procedure: catheter to introduce fluid into the abdomine cavity. Chemical properties of the fluid cause wastes to pass out of the bloodstream and into the fluid. Fluid is then removed by catheter.
Definition
perioneal dialysis (PD)
Term
Name the procedure: urinary tract stones are crushed
Definition
lithotripsy
Term
Name the procedure: dilation of narrowed areas in renal arteries
Definition
renal angioplasty
Term
Name the procedure: removal of kidney tissue for microscopic examination
Definition
renal biopsy
Term
Name the procedure: passage of a flexible, tubular instrument thru the uretra into the urinary bladder
Definition
urinary catheterization
Term
What is the abbreviation? ADH
Definition
antidiuretic hormone=vasopression
Term
What is the abbreviation? ARF
Definition
acute renal failure
Term
What is the abbreviation? BILI
Definition
bilirubin
Term
What is the abbreviation? BUN
Definition
blood urea nitrogen
Term
What is the abbreviation? CAPD
Definition
continuous ambulatory peritoneal dialysis
Term
What is the abbreviation? Cath
Definition
catheter, catheterization
Term
What is the abbreviation? Cath
Definition
catheter, catheterization
Term
What is the abbreviation? CCPD
Definition
continuous cycling peritoneal dialysis
Term
What is the abbreviation? CKD
Definition
chronic kidney disease
Term
What is the abbreviation? Cl-
Definition
chloride
Term
What is the abbreviation? CRCL
Definition
creatinine clearance
Term
What is the abbreviation? CRF
Definition
chronic renal failure
Term
What is the abbreviation? C&S
Definition
culture and sensitivity test
Term
What is the abbreviation? cysto
Definition
cystoscopic examination
Term
What is the abbreviation? ESRD
Definition
end-stage renal disease
Term
What is the abbreviation? ESWL
Definition
extracorporeal shock wave lithotripsy
Term
What is the abbreviation? GFR
Definition
glomerular filtration rate
Term
What is the abbreviation? HCO3
Definition
bicarbonate
Term
What is the abbreviation? HD
Definition
hemodialysis
Term
What is the abbreviation? IC
Definition
interstitial cystitis
Term
What is the abbreviation? KUB
Definition
kidney ureter bladder
Term
What is the abbreviation? PD
Definition
peritoneal dialysis
Term
What is the abbreviation? pH
Definition
potential hydrogen
Term
What is the abbreviation? PKD
Definition
polycystic kidney disease
Term
What is the abbreviation? PKU
Definition
phenylketonuria
Term
What is the abbreviation? PUL
Definition
percutaneous ultrasonic lithotripsy
Term
What is the abbreviation? RP
Definition
retrograde pyelogram
Term
What is the abbreviation? sp gr
Definition
specific gravity
Term
What is the abbreviation? UA
Definition
urinanalysis
Term
What is the abbreviation? VCUG
Definition
vaoiding cystourethrogram
Term
Urologic refers to which system of the body?
Definition
excretory
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: sugar in the urine
Definition
glucose
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: level of bile pigment in urine
Definition
bilirubin
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: hematuria
Definition
color
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: albumin in urine
Definition
protein
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: structures in the shape of renal tubules in urine
Definition
sediment
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: chemical reaction of urine
Definition
pH
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: dilution or concentration of urine
Definition
specific gravity
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: acetones in urine
Definition
ketones
Term
Name the appropriate test for detecting or evaluating: pus in urine
Definition
appearance
Term
Name the term: hormone secreted by the kidney that stimulates formation of red blood cells
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
Name the term: notch on the surface of the kidney where blood vessels and nerves enter
Definition
hilum
Term
Name the term: urination; micturition
Definition
voiding
Term
Name the term: nitrogenous waste
Definition
urea
Term
Name the term: cup-like collecting region of the renal pelvis
Definition
calyx (calix)
Term
Name the term: small molecule that carries an electric charge in solution
Definition
electrolyte
Term
Name the term: inner region of the kidney
Definition
renal medulla
Term
Name the term: hormone made by the kidney; increases blood pressure
Definition
renin
Term
Name the term: triangular area in the bladder
Definition
trigone
Term
Name the term: outer section of the kidney
Definition
renal cortex
Term
Trace the path of urine from the renal arterioles to the point at which urine leaves the body.
Definition
glomerulus, glomerular capsule, renal tubule, renal pelvis, ureter, urinary bladder, urethra, urinary meatus
Term
Define the term: caliceal
Definition
pertaining to a calix (collecting cup of renal pelvis)
Term
Define the term: uric acid
Definition
nitrogenous waste exreted in urine; high levels associated with gout
Term
Define the term: urinary meatal stenosis
Definition
narrowing of the urinary meatus
Term
Define the term: cystocele
Definition
hernia of the urinary bladder
Term
Define the term: pyelolithostomy
Definition
incision to remove a stone from the renal pelvis
Term
Define the term: trigonitis
Definition
inflammation of the trigone (triangular area in the bladder in which the ureters enter and urethra exits)
Term
Define the term: ureteroileostomy
Definition
new opening between the ureter and the ileum (an anastomosis); urine then leaves the body thru an ileostomy; this surgery (ileal conduit) is performed when the bladder has been removed.
Term
Define the term: urethrostenosis
Definition
narrowing (narrowed portion) of the urethra
Term
Define the term: vesicoureteral reflux
Definition
backflow of urine from the bladder into the ureter
Term
Define the term: creatinine
Definition
nitrogenous waste produced as a result of muscle metabolism and excreted in the urine.
Term
Define the term: medullary
Definition
pertaining to the inner, middle section (of the kidney)
Term
Define the term: cortical
Definition
pertaining to the outer section (of the kidney)
Term
Define the term: nocturia
Definition
frequent urination at night.
Term
Define the term: dysuria
Definition
painful urination
Term
Define the term: oliguria
Definition
scanty urination
Term
Define the term: polyuria
Definition
excessive urination
Term
Define the term: anuria
Definition
no urination
Term
Define the term: pyuria
Definition
pus in the urine
Term
Define the term: albuminuria
Definition
protein in the urine
Term
Define the term: hematuria
Definition
blood in the urine
Term
Define the term: glycosuria
Definition
sugar in the urine
Term
Define the term: ketonuria
Definition
ketones or acetone in the urine
Term
Define the term: bacteriuria
Definition
bacteria
Term
ive the meaning of the term related to urinary signs and symptoms: azotemia
Definition
excess nitrogenous waste in the bloodstream
Term
Give the meaning of the term related to urinary signs and symptoms: polydipsia
Definition
condition of much thirst
Term
Give the meaning of the term related to urinary signs and symptoms: urinary incontinence
Definition
inability to hold urine in the bladder
Term
Give the meaning of the term related to urinary signs and symptoms: enuresis
Definition
bed wetting
Term
Give the meaning of the term related to urinary signs and symptoms: urinary retention
Definition
inability to release urine from the bladder
Term
Give the meaning of the term related to urinary signs and symptoms: ketosis
Definition
abnormal condition of ketone bodies (acids and acetones) in the blood and body tissues.
Term
Give short answers: What is the difference between hematuria and uremia?
Definition
Hematuria is the presence of blood in the urine and uremia is a toxic condition of excess urea (nitroenous waste) in the bloodstream. Hematuria is a symptomatic condition of the urine (-uria), and uremia is an abnormal condition of the blood (-emia)


in the bloodsteam. hematuria is a symptomatic condition of the urine (-uria) and uremia is an abnormal condition of the blood (-emia)
Term
Name the medical term for dilation of the calixes
Definition
calictasis
Term
Name the medical term for related to the calyx.
Definition
caliceal
Term
Name the medical term for inflammation of urinary bladder.
Definition
cystitis
Term
Name the medical term for surgical removal of bladder.
Definition
cystectomy
Term
Name the medical term for surgical creation of an opening for drainage.
Definition
cystostomy
Term
Name the medical term for expanded beginning of a nephron composed of an inner and outer layer.
Definition
glomerular capsule
Term
ive the meaning of the term: a constriction or narrowing of the urinary meatus, seen most often in boys or men as a complication of circumcision and meatitis.
Definition
meatal stenosis
Term
ive the meaning of the term: related to the paranephrons
Definition
paranephric
Term
ive the meaning of the term: any disease of the kidneys
Definition
nephropathy
Term
ive the meaning of the term: downward displacement of the kidney
Definition
nephroptosis
Term
ive the meaning of the term: incision into the kidney for the removal of a stone.
Definition
nephrolithotomy
Term
ive the meaning of the term: abnormal enlargement of kidney.
Definition
hydronephrosis
Term
ive the meaning of the term: opening between kidney to outside of the body.
Definition
nephrostomy
Term
surgical procedure in which calculi are removed from the renal pelvis.
Definition
pyelolithotomy
Term
Define the term: deficiency of blood in one or both kidneys, or nephrons, usually due to functional constriction or actual obstruction of a blood vessel.
Definition
renal ischemia
Term
Define the term: intermittent and acute pain usually resulting from the presence of one or more calculi in the kidney or ureter.
Definition
renal colic
Term
Define the term: inflammation of the urinary bladder, localized to the trigone area.
Definition
trigonitis
Term
Define the term: surgical repair of the ureters
Definition
ureteroplasty
Term
Define the term: implantation of a ureter into an isolated segment of ileum which drains through an abdominal stoma.
Definition
ureteroileostomy
Term
Define the term: inflammation of the urethra.
Definition
urethritis
Term
Define the term: Reparative or plastic surgery of the urethra.
Definition
urethroplasty
Term
Define the term: a narrowing of the urethra that results from inflammation injury or infection.
Definition
urethral stricture
Term
Define the term: within a bladder, especially urinary bladder
Definition
intravesical
Term
Define the term: a condition in which urine flows from the bladder, back up the ureter, and back into the kidneys.
Definition
vesicourteral reflux
Term
Define the term: the presence of albumin in the urine, a common sign of renal or chronic disease.
Definition
albuminuria
Term
Define the term: The presence of excess nitrogenous wastes in the blood.
Definition
azotemia
Term
Define the term: The presence of bacteria in the urine.
Definition
bacteriuria
Term
Define the term: extremely thirsty
Definition
polydipsia
Term
Define the term: abnormally high levels of potassium in the blood
Definition
hyperkalemia
Term
Define the term: increase in the production of ketone bodies
Definition
ketosis
Term
Define the term: The presence of large amount of ketones in the urine.
Definition
ketonuria
Term
Define the term: Calculi in the kidneys.
Definition
nephrolithiasis
Term
Define the term: Hyponatremia occurs when sodium falls below 130 mM. Plasma sodium levels of 125 mM or less are dangerous and can result in seizures and coma.
Definition
hyponatremia
Term
Define the term: Excessive need to urinate at night.
Definition
nocturia
Term
Define the term: Abnormally slight or infrequent urination.
Definition
oliguria
Term
Define the term: A hormone produced by the kidneys that stimulates the production of red blood cells by bone marrow.
Definition
erythropoietin
Term
Define the term: The presence of pus in the urine.
Definition
pyuria
Term
Define the term: the use of high-energy shock waves to fragment and disintegrate kidney stones.
Definition
lithotripsy
Term
Define the term: The presence of excessive amounts of urea and other waste products in the blood.
Definition
uremia or azotemia.
Term
Define the term: The uncontrolled or involuntary discharge of urine.
Definition
enuresis or urinary incontinence
Term
Define the term: increased excretion of the urine.
Definition
diuresis
Term
Define the term: A hormone that acts on the kidneys to regulate water balance.
Definition
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or vasopressin
Term
Define the term: The inability to completely void the urinary bladder
Definition
urinary retention
Term
Define the term: Difficult or painful urination.
Definition
dysuria
Term
Define the term: The absence of urine formation.
Definition
anuria
Term
Define the term: The presence of blood in the urine.
Definition
hematuria
Term
Define the term: abnormal presence of a sugar, especially glucose, in the urine.
Definition
glycosuria
Term
Define the term: Excessive passage or production of urine
Definition
polyuria
Term
Give a short answer: What is diuresis?
Definition
Diuresis is the excessive production of urine (polyuria).
Term
Give a short answer: What is a diuretic?
Definition
A diruetic is a drug or chemical (caffeine or alcohol) that causes diuresis to occur.
Term
Give a short answer: What is antidiuretic hormone?
Definition
Antidiuretic hormone is a hormone produced by the pituitary gland that normally helps the renal tubules to reabsorb water back into the bloodstream. It works against diuresis to help retain water in the blood.
Term
What is hyponatremia?
Definition
Hyponatremia is abnormally low levels of sodium in the bloodstream.
Term
What is hyperkalemia?
Definition
Hyperkalemia is abnormally high concentration of potassium in the blood. The major cause is chronic renal failure.
Term
Name the term: Abnormal particles present in the urine - cells, bacteria, casts, and crystals.
Definition
sediment
Term
Name the term: High levels of this substance appear in urine when a baby is born with a deficiency of an enzyme. The infant can become mentally retarded if not immediately put on a strict diet that prevents the substance from accumulating in the blood and urine.
Definition
phenylketonuria (phenylketones in the urine)
Term
Name the term: Smoky-red color of urine caused by the presence of blood.
Definition
hematuria (blood in the urine)
Term
Name the term: Turbid (cloudy) urine caused by the presence of polymorphonuclear leukocytes and pus.
Definition
pyuria (pus in the urine)
Term
Name the term: Sugar in the urine; a symptom of diabetes mellitus and a result of hyperglycemia.
Definition
glycosuria (sugar in the urine)
Term
Name the term: This urine test reflects the acidity of alklinity of the urine.
Definition
pH
Term
Name the term: High levels of acids and acetones accumulate in the urine as a result of abnormal fat breakdown
Definition
ketonuria (ketone bodies in the urine)
Term
Name the term: Dark pigment that accumulates in urine as a result of liver or gallbladder disease.
Definition
bilirubinuria (high levels of bilirubin in the urine)
Term
Name the term: This urine test reflects the concentration of the urine.
Definition
specific gravity
Term
Name the term: Leaky glomeruli can produce accumulation of protein in the urine.
Definition
albuminuria
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: renal failure
Definition
kidney does not excrete wastes
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: polycystic kidney
Definition
multiple fluid-filled sacs form in and on the kidney
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: interstitial nephritis
Definition
inflammation of the connective tissue (interstitium) lying between the renal tubules
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: glomerulonephritis
Definition
inflammation of the glomerulus of the kidney (may be a complication after a streptococcal infection)
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: nephrolithiasis
Definition
condition of kidney stones (renal calculi)
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: renal cell carcinoma
Definition
malignant tumor of the kidney in adults
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: pyelonephritis
Definition
inflammation of the renal pelvis and parenchyma of the kidney (caused by a bacterial infection, such as with Escherichia coli, that spreads to the urinary tract from the gastrointestinal tract)
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: Wilms tumor
Definition
malignant tumor of the kidney in children
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: nephrotic syndrome
Definition
group of symptoms (proteinuria, edema, hypoalbuminemia) that appears when the kidney is damaged by disease; also called nephrosis
Term
Describe the abnormal condition that affect the kidney: renal hypertension
Definition
high blood pressure caused by kidney disease
Term
Name the term: idiopathic high blood pressure.
Definition
essential hypertension
Term
Name the term: swelling, fluid in tissues
Definition
edema
Term
Name the term: narrowed area in a tube
Definition
stricture
Term
Name the term: collection of pus
Definition
abscess
Term
Name the term: inadequate secretion of insulin or improper utilization of insulin leads to this condition
Definition
diabetes mellitus
Term
Name the term: high blood pressure caused by kidney disease or another disease
Definition
secondary hypertension
Term
Name the term: tube for withdrawing or giving fluid
Definition
catheter
Term
Name the term: inadequate secretion or resistance of the kidney to the action of antidiuretic hormone
Definition
diabetes insipidus
Term
Name the term: prolapse of a kidney
Definition
nephroptosis
Term
Name the term: severe pain resulting from a stone that is blocking a ureter or a kidney
Definition
renal colic
Term
Name the procedure: excision of a kidney
Definition
nephrectomy
Term
Name the procedure: surgical incision into the kidney to remove a stone
Definition
nephrolithotomy
Term
Name the procedure: visual examination of the urinary bladder via endoscope
Definition
cystoscopy
Term
Name the procedure: crushing of stones
Definition
lithotripsy
Term
Name the procedure: new opening of the ureters to a segment of ileum (in place of the bladder)
Definition
ureteroileostomy
Term
Name the procedure: surgical repair of the urethra
Definition
urethroplasty
Term
Name the procedure: creation of an artificial opening into the kidney (via catheter) from the outside of the body
Definition
nephrostomy
Term
Name the procedure: Surgical formation of an opening from the bladder to the outside of the body
Definition
cystostomy
Term
Name the procedure: Removal of the urinary bladder
Definition
cystectomy
Term
Name the procedure: Incision of a ureter to remove a stone
Definition
ureterolithotomy
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