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| The multiplication of organisms in the tissues of a host is called infection |
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| Less complex organisms whose organalles are not membrane bound like those of the eukaryotes...all bacteria are prokaryotes, bacteria divide by the process of binary fission, which is a simple division that results in two identical cells |
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| Caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis and is transmitted through airborne droplet nuclei, usually infects lungs, kidneys, bone, joints, or skin. |
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| Unlike bacteria, are living microorganisms, non living particles that are completely reliant on the host cell for survival. |
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| Protein coverin surrounding dna and rna |
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| Protein molecules that compose capsis |
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| Inhalation of respiratory droplets, exchange of body fluids ( blood, semen, and mothers milk) ingestion of food or water, bites by arthropod |
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| Round- shaped bacteria ( coccus, sing, form; cocci) |
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| A bacterial cell intermediate in morphology between a coccus and a bacillus. While still rod shaped, coccobacilli are so short and wide that they resemble cocci. |
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| Rod shaped bacteria ( bacillus, sing. Form, bacilli |
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| Long thin structure attached to the outside of the cell; uses whipping motion to provide motility the cell |
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| Fine, short, hairlike, extensions located on the surface of the cell, their coordinated, rythmic movement allows the cells to move |
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1. Obligate aerobes require level of oxygen found in a typical room.
2. Microaerophiles: requires oxygen but at level lower than that found in room air( 5% oxygen)
3 obligate anaerobes will not grow if there is any amount of oxygen present in environment
4 faculative anaerobes able to survive in an environment that contains oxygen or no oxygen
5 aerotolerant anaerobes: grow best in environment w out, oxygen, but can survive in atmosphere that contains up to 15% oxygen
6 capnophiles grow best in high concentration of carbon dioxide |
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| Spore forming (sporulation) |
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| Bacterial species capable of forming spores. Sporalation is a method of bacterial survival. |
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Definition
1. Obligate aerobes require level of oxygen found in a typical room.
2. Microaerophiles: requires oxygen but at level lower than that found in room air( 5% oxygen)
3 obligate anaerobes will not grow if there is any amount of oxygen present in environment
4 faculative anaerobes able to survive in an environment that contains oxygen or no oxygen
5 aerotolerant anaerobes: grow best in environment w out, oxygen, but can survive in atmosphere that contains up to 15% oxygen
6 capnophiles grow best in high concentration of carbon dioxide |
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Definition
| Toxic shock syndrome, osteomyelitis, endocarditis, ssi |
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| Iv catheter infections. Utis, prosthetic device infections, subacute bacterial infections, endocarditis |
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| Streptococcus- s. Pneumoniae |
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Definition
| Bacterial pneumonia, bacterial meniningitis, otitus media bacterimia |
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| Streptococcus- s. Pyogenes |
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Definition
| Strep throat, tonsilitis, rheumatic fever, necrotizing fasciitis |
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| Aerobic gram-negative cocci- Neisseria gonorrhoae |
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| Pelvic inflamatory disease, leading to salpingitis |
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| Anaerobic gram- positive bacteria- clostridium perfringens |
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Definition
| Gas gangrene infection, cellulitis, fasciitis |
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| Bloodborne rna; health care workers at particular risk; transmitted throug blood and blood products |
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| Asymptomatic when acute, may be carried for 25 years causes chronic hep, cirrhosis, liver cancer |
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| Two catagories of parasitic human pathogens |
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| Unicellular protozoans and multicellular protozaons. |
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| Any infection requires a primary agent, such as a bacterium, virus, fungus, or parassite. In hospital most infections are caused by bacteria and viruses, though fungi and parasites are involved in nosocomial infections, |
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The primary sourcee of airborne bacteria in the OR is the surgical team, may disperse microorganims from own skiñ
2 many ssi are attributed to the patients own flora contanminating wound by direct infection. Ssi occur also bcuzz contamination during procedure |
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Term
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Definition
Direct contact- oral fecal hep transmission, post operative chlecystectomy wound infection from contact with patients gbladder
Indirect contact- infection spread by contanminated surgical instruments
Airborne spread- infection spread through the air by sneeze droplets
Common vehicle spread- infection carried in blood products |
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| Risk factors that increase risk of surg site infections |
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Definition
Age; geriatric and pediatric patients have lower immunological defenses
Obesity, larger wound sizes, and difficulty of handling adipose tissue
General health: patients in poor health generally have a predisposition to infection
Carriers of s. Aureus: these patients are greater risk of infection from own flora
Remote infections- infections at other body sites
Preoperative hospitilization- infection rates increase the longer the stay, exposed to a higher number of antibiotic resistant strainsof bacteria w/in hospy
Prexisting illnell |
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| Basis for the practice of strict adherence to aseptic technique by all surg team memebers. Can be no compromise of aseptic technique |
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| Abscence of microorganisms |
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| Methods practiced by surg team to prevent microbial contanmination of the surgical environment |
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| First to recognize that disease could spread by direct contact, from fomites, and through air. |
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| Hungerian obsterician, proved that puerperal fever was transmitted from health care providers to patients and advocated hand washing and scrubbing nails btween patient contact |
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| Father of antiseptic surgery, established the principles os asepsis and practice of sterile technique in or |
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| Discovered heat resisitant phase, spore stage, sterilization by hheating ( tyndalization) |
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Definition
| Developed first non pressure flowing steam sterilizer |
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| Recommended the use of bacteriological tests as proof that sterilization of materials occured |
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Principle 1: a sterile field is created for each surgical procedure
Principle 2: sterile team memebers must be appropriatly attired prior to entering the sterile field
Principle 3 movement in and around the sterile field must not compromise the sterile field |
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Definition
| High level disinfectant, common commercial name is cydex, has been recognized as best disinfectant liquid sterilizer, min of 20 minat room temp requires dor disinfection. |
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| Sodium hysodpochlorite ( household bleach) f |
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Definition
| Bleac, for floors, surfaces and equipment. Recommended for cleaning blood, and body fluid spills |
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| Phenol is usaully as a concentrate with detergent additives diluted w tap water, used to disinfect large areas like floors and countertops. |
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