Law that defines acts subject to punishment and specifies the punishments for such offenses.

law defining the procedures that criminal justice officials must follow in enforcement, adjudication, and corrections.

"Protection against unreasonable searches and seizures"

-Bars unreasonable searches/arrests

-limits ability of police to search person/property for evidence, to detain person w/o justification, to prevent an individual from leaving a location

-DOES NOT prevent police from making arrests/conducting searches completely

"Protection against self-incrimination and double jeopardy" (also the right to due process)

-Self-incrimination: authorities can't force you to act as a witness against yourself; prevents torture for evidence

-Double jeopardy: prevents people from having to go through more than one prosecution/punishment for the same crime in the same jurisdiction

"The right to counsel, to a speedy/fair trial, and to a jury trial"

-Right to counsel: right to be provided attorney for state trials (already official for federal trials) UNLESS the punishment is only a fine.

-Right to speedy/public trial: don't have to stay in jail forever; AND judges/juries act  in accordance with law since they announce decisions in public.

-Right to impartial jury: citizens play role in court decisions; selected randomly over a wide base of people

"Protection against excessive bail, excessive fines, and cruel and unusual punishment"

-place limit on how high bail can be, doesn't eliminate it

-ensures that punishments aren't disproportional to offense; can't inflict physical/psychological pain.

"Protection against the violation of people's right to due process of the law and denial of the state's constituents to equal protection of the laws"

-Fundamental fairness: as long as state's conduct maintains basic standards of fairness, const. not violated.

-Due Process: states have to abide by specific provisions of BoR.  Through incorporation, warren court made 4,5,6, and 8 part of due process clause of this amendment.

-Criminal justice officials in federal, state, and local levels forced to respect const. rights of suspects/defendants.

-cities w/ a lot of people (tons of businesses/residencies. -the greater the opportunity, the greater the probability for crime to occur -urban>suburban>rural -this is so because greater anonymity, no personal space (everyone close together), drugs, heat/frustration/anger

1. the working personality - set of emotional/behavioral characteristics developed by members of an occupational group in response to work situation. Danger: officers always on lookout and may appear suspicious. Need to exert authority: feel they need to "earn" respect from peers which can lead to excessive force.

2. police morality - can lessen dilemmas of work by justifying actions with: upholding the law, protecting society, and chasing the "bad guys".

3. isolation of the police - believe public is hostile toward them so they isolate themselves from public and hang out with other officers/family.

4. stress involved in police work - affects how they treat civilians and decreases their health.

-the percentage of crimes known to the police that they believe they have solved through arrest; a statistic used to measure a police department's productivity.

-police have power to deprive ppl of their liberty, to arrest them, to take them into custody, and to use force to control them.

- must use ____ to make choices in ambiguous situations as to how and when to apply the law according to five factors:

1. nature of crime

2. relationship b/w criminal and victim

3. relationship b/w police and criminal

4. race/ethnicity, age, gender, class

5. departmental policy

-law vs. ideology

-crimes are defined by society who make choices about the behaviors that the gov't will punish.

-two types of crime: mala in se and mala prohibita

- laws can change views on acts based on society's values.

i.e. gambling used to be illegal, now it's not.

-courts can also change the definitions of crimes when criminalization of specific actions violates people's const. rights.

a mutual transfer of resources

i.e. plea bargaining

general - prosecutions

specific - fines/warnings

"Layer 2: the serious felonies"

violent crimes committed by people with long term criminal records against victims unknown to them.

1. media/tv

2. personal communication

3. politicians ("crime is on the rise")