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Definition
| muscular wall of the heart consisting primarily of cardiac muscle cells |
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Definition
| the serous membrane that forms the outer wall of the pericardial cavity |
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Definition
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Definition
| covers the inner surfaces of the heart, consists of endothelium and areolar tissue |
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Definition
| covers the outer surface of the heart, also called the visceral pericardium |
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Definition
| superior chambers of the heart, receiving area for blood returning to the heart, push blood into ventricles |
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Definition
| inferiors chambers of the heart, RV blood to lungs for gas exchange, LV blood to body |
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Definition
| left AV valve, same as bicuspid valve, 2 flaps |
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Definition
| left AV valve, same as mitral valve, 2 flaps |
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Definition
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Definition
| in aorta and pulmonary artery prevent backflow into ventricles, 3 crescent moon shaped cusps |
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Definition
| amount of blood pumped out of a ventricle per beat, equal to EDV-ESV |
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Definition
| amount of blood pumped out by each ventricle per minute, equal to heart rate times stroke volume |
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Definition
| determined by length of diastole and venous pressure, volume of blood in the ventricle pre-ventricular ejection, determines the myocardial preload, |
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Term
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Definition
| blood flows into the relaxed atria, AV valves are closed |
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Term
| isovolumetric contraction |
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Definition
| ventricular contraction pushes the AV vales closed but does not create enough pressure to open the semilunar valves, volume of blood in the ventricle cannot change until the semilunar valves open |
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Term
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Definition
| thoracic pain caused by decreased blood delivery to the myocardium, weakens, but does not kills, the cardiac cells |
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Definition
| causes cardiac arrest, ventricles quiver and stop pumping blood, rapid irregular, out of phase contraction, heart is like squirming bag of worms, loss of ventricular pumping, leads to brain death |
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Term
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Definition
| junction between two cardiac cells, consist of desmosomes to prevent separation during contraction and gap junctions to helps transmit contraction signal between cells |
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Definition
| wall of muscle separating left and right ventricles |
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Definition
| carries blood from the myocardium to the right atrium, where the coronary veins join together |
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Term
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Definition
| carry blood to the myocardium, originate at the base of the ascending aorta |
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Definition
| pulmonary artery, leaves the right ventricle and carries blood to the lungs for gas exchange |
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Term
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Definition
| reduction in diameter of arterioles doe to constriction of smooth muscles in tunica media, increases after load |
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Definition
| increase in diameter of arterioles due to relaxation of smooth muscles in the tunica media, decreases after load |
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Term
| in what ventral body cavity is the heart located? |
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Definition
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Term
| what is the function of the pericardium |
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Definition
| forms the pericardial sac, filled with serous fluid which prevents friction during movement/contractions |
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Term
| 2 types of cell-cell connecting proteins that are found in intercalating disks? what characteristics does each contribute to cardiac muscle? |
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Definition
| myosin and actin, myosin is the thin and tick filaments snad actin is just the thin filaments |
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Term
| path of blood flow beginning with the right atria? left atria? |
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Definition
| RA>tricuspid valve> RV> pulmonary semilunar valve> pulmonary artery/trunk> lungs> pulmonary veins> LA>bucuspid/mitral valve>LV>aortic semilunar valve>aorta>body> vena cava>RA |
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Term
| parts of the heart involved in pulmonary circulation? systemic circulation? |
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Definition
RA, RV, pulmonary trunk
LA, LV, aorta |
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Term
| what is the main role of the coronary arteries |
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Definition
| to supply myocardium with blood |
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Term
| what is an auricle, function? |
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Definition
| protruding appendages of the atria, increase atrial volume |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the LV having a thicker muscle wall? what else is different about the two ventricles? what is the same? |
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Definition
LV has a thicker muscle wall b/c requires more force to drive the blood all the way through the body out of the aorta,
the shape of the LV is circular and the RV is crescent shaped, less muscle is required to drive the blood to the lungs b/c shorter distance |
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Term
| what causes heart sounds? |
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Definition
lub- AV valves closing
dup- SL valves closing
pause after a lub dub is the heart in relaxation,
murmur is valve abnormalities |
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Term
| during the cardiac cycle, when are the AV valves closed? the SL valves? |
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Definition
1. ventricular filling (AV valve open, SL valves closed
2. atrial depolarization (Av valve open, SL closed)
3. ventricular systole (AV valves close, SL valves open during the ventricular ejection phase)
4. isovolumetric relaxation (SV valves close) |
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Term
| what causes the different types of valves to close |
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Definition
| pressure differenciations between the chambers of the heart, SL valves it is the slight backflow that catches the cusps forcing them closed, AV valves it is hydrostatic pressure pushing them closed |
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Term
| what is the functional purpose of the chordae tendinae? |
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Definition
| to keep valves from being blown out in the other direction |
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Term
| how does blood flow (in terms of pressure)? what is the role of the heart? |
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Definition
| controlled by changes in pressure, flows along the pressure gradient from higher to lower pressure if openings are available, pressure is dofferent between R and L, |
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Term
| what is the purpose of the isovolumetric contraction and isovolumetric relaxation in the cardiac cycle? |
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Definition
iso relax, to get pressure in vent lower than in the atrium so that the ventricle fills
iso contr, beginning of getting the pressure greater in the ventricle than in the aorta, once pressure in ventricle exceeds than in the aorta SL opens |
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Term
| name the parts of the cardiac conduction system in order of activation and know their location |
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Definition
| SA node (embedded in wall of RA), internodal pathways (in the atria), AV node (junction btw atria and ventricles), AV bundle (Interventricular septum), Purkinje fibers (inferior side of the ventricles) |
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Term
| where is the pacemaker in the heart |
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Definition
| SA Node, embedded in the RA |
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Term
| names and locations of different valves of the heart |
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Definition
AV valves tricuspid (right) and bicuspid/mitral (left)
SL valves pulmonary between RV and pulmonary artery, aortic between LV and aorta |
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Term
| what would happen to the heart if the external sympathetic intervention was cut? parasympathetic innervation? Vagus nerve? |
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Definition
sympathetic ns speeds up HR, so oxygen debt would be created,
parasympathetic ns slows down the heart rate, so would not be able to recover after exercise
vagus HR would increase |
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Term
| what is the difference between EDV and ESV? |
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Definition
EDV is max ventricle volume pre-ventricular contraction
ESV is leftovers after ventricular contraction |
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Term
| what are typical values for HR, SV and CO? How are CO and SV calculated? what kind of physiological changes could change CO? |
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Definition
CO=HR x SV,
HR 75bpm, SV 70 ml/beat, CO 5.25 L/min
incr/decr HR, incr/decr blood volume, change BP |
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Term
| what are preload, contractility, and after load? How do they alter SV? Give examples to support your answer or be ready to explain a situation Dr D gives. |
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Definition
preload- degree of stretch of heart muscle cells just before they contract
contractility- increase in contractile strength at cellular level, independent of muscle stretch and EDV)
afterload- pressure that must be overcome for the ventricles to eject blood from the heart, creating back pressure on SL valves |
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