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Chap 9 biology
vocab
41
Biology
9th Grade
11/19/2008

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Term
interphse
Definition
stage during which a cell carries out its metabolic processes and performs
its functions

• Produce new molecules and organelles
• Duplicate genetic material
Term
mitotic phase
Definition
stage during which the cell is actually dividing. It produces two identical “daughter” cells. Mitosis only happens in eukaryotes.
Term
mitosis
Definition
nucleus and duplicated chromosomes divide and are evenly distributed into two “daughter nuclei
Term
cytokenisis
Definition
the process by which cytoplasm is divide in two
• Cytoplasm divides into two daughter cells (each containing a nucleus with a set of chromosomes)
o In animals, a “drawstring” of microfilaments pulls the cytoplasm into two separate cells
o In plants, a cell plate forms and grows between the two daughter cells
Term
G1
Definition
Cell grows to prepare for division
Term
S
Definition
Genetic material is copied
Term
G2
Definition
Cell prepares to divide; chromatin is loosely packed
Term
spindle
Definition
football-shaped framework of microtubules that guide the chromosomes’ movement during mitosis.
Term
centrosomes
Definition
regions of cytoplasmic material that contain centrioles
Term
centrioles
Definition
only in animal cells). Scientists do not understand the role of centrioles in mitosis.
Term
prophase
Definition
• In nucleus, chromatin fibers condense into visible chromosomes
o Nucleolus disappears
o Nuclear envelope (membrane) breaks down
• In cytoplasm, mitotic spindle starts to form
o Chromosomes attach to spindle at their centromeres
o Spindle pulls chromosomes toward center of cell
Term
metaphase
Definition
• Chromosomes gather in plane across middle of cell
• Mitotic spindle fully formed
• All chromosomes attached to spindle by centromeres and lined up in center of cell
Term
anaphase
Definition
• Sister chromatids separate (each chromatid is now called a daughter chromosome)
• Proteins at centromeres help move daughter chromosomes along the spindle toward the poles (microtubules shorten to “reel in” chromosomes)
• Microtubules not attached to chromosomes lengthen to push poles farther apart
Term
telophase
Definition
• Chromosomes reach spindle poles
• Prophase reversed {spindle disappears, two nuclear envelopes reform (one for each set of genetic material), chromosomes uncoil and become chromatin again, nucleoli reappear}
Term
cancer
Definition
uncontrolled division of cells
Term
meiosis
Definition
a type of cell division that produces four cells, each with half the number of chromosomes as the parent cell. Sexual reproduction depends on meiosis. Meiosis only occurs in specialized cells.
Term
homologus chromosomes
Definition
o Each homologue contains the same loci (singular = locus) for various genes but maybe different forms of the genes (alleles)
Term
All cells come from cells
Definition
• The division of cells into more cells enables living things to repair damage, to grow, and to produce offspring.
Term
Asexual reproduction
Definition
the process by which a single cell or group of cells each duplicates its genetic material and then splits into two new genetically identical cells.
Term
sexual reproduction
Definition
the process by which two parent organisms combine their genetic material by joining sex cells (ex. sperm and egg); it results in the production of 1 or more genetically unique cells
Term
chromatin
Definition
genetic material in the form of very long, thin fibers that are a combination of DNA and protein and not visible under a normal microscope.
Term
chromosomes
Definition
condensed visible chromatin and appear as the cell prepares to divide.
Term
sister chromatids
Definition
A chromosome duplicates and becomes two sister chromatids. Sister chromatids are joined by a protein structure called a centromere
Term
cell cycle
Definition
Cell division occurs as part of an orderly sequence of events
Term
sex chromosomes
Definition
the chromosomes that determine if an organism is male or female. XX = female, XY = male
Term
diploid cell
Definition
one that contains both sets of homologous chromosomes and is abbreviated 2n
Term
fertilization
Definition
occurs when the nucleus of a sperm (n) fuses with the nucleus of an egg (n) and results in a zygote (2n).
Term
There are TWO major differences between mitosis and meiosis
Definition
1. Meiosis produces four haploid daughter cells; mitosis produces two diploid daughter cells.
2. Meiosis involves the exchange of genetic material between homologous chromosomes. Mitosis does not.
Term
tetrads
Definition
4 sister chromatids
Term
crossing over
Definition
a process in which sister chromatids exchange genetic material during Prophase I of Meiosis
Term
Prophase I
Definition
Term
Metaphase I
Definition
Term
Anaphase I
Definition
Term
telophase I
Definition
Term
cytokenisis I
Definition
Term
prophase II
Definition
Term
metaphase II
Definition
Term
anaphase II
Definition
Term
telophase II
Definition
Term
cytokenisis II
Definition
Term
Genetic recombination
Definition
the new combination of genetic information in a gamete as a result of crossing over.
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