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| B=log(I/I0) I0=1.0 x 10-12 |
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| standing wave in closed tube |
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| fobserved =[(Vsound±Vobserver)/(Vsound±Vsource)]*ftrue |
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| condition for total internal reflection |
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1. The object distance (so) is always positive
2. The focal length (f) of a concave mirror is positive; the focal length of a convex mirror is negative.
3. If the image distance (si) is positive it is a real image and is on the same side of the mirror as the object. If the image distance is negative, it is a virtual image on the other side of the mirror. |
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| Sign Conventions for the Mirror Equation |
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1. The object distance (so) is always positive.
2. The focal length (f) of a converging lens is positive; the focal length of a diverging lens is negative.
3. If the image distance (si) is positive, it is a real image and is on the opposite side of the lens as compared to the object. If the image distance is negative, it is a virtual image and is on the same side of the lens as the object. |
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| Sign Conventions for Equations (7.11) When Applied to Lenses |
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