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| Elimination of feces from the gastrointestinal tract through the rectum |
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| upper duodenal area just beyond the pylorus |
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| Instrument consisting of a rigid or flexible fiberoptic tube and the optical system for observing the inside of a hollow organ or cavity |
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| Pertaining to a gland that secretes outwardly through excretory ducts to the surface of an organ or tissue or into a vessel |
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| Easily broken or pulverized |
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| Enzyme secreted in the stomach that begins the digestion of proteins |
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| Having pinpoint punctures or depressions on the surface; marked with dots |
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| Tortuous dilations of a vein |
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| Circular muscle constricting an orifice, such as the pyloric sphincter around the opening of the stomach into the duodenum |
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| duodenum (first part of small intestine) |
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| intestine (usually small intestine) |
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| jejunum (second part of small intestine) |
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| ileum (third part of small intestine) |
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chol/e**
the "e" is an exception to the connecting "o" |
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| abnormal condition (produced by something specified) |
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| Lack or loss of appetite, resulting in the inablility to eat |
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| Inflamamation of the appendix, usually due to obstruction or infection |
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| Accumulation of serous fluid in the abdomen |
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| Rumbling or gurgling noises that are audible at a distance and caused by passage of gas through the liquid contents of the intestine |
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| General lack of nutrition and wasting occurring in the course of a chronic disease or emotional distrubance |
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| Presence or formation of gallstones in the gallbladder or common bile duct |
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| Crohn disease; regional enteritis |
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| Chronic inflammation, usually of the ileum, but possibly affecting any portion of the intestional tract |
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| Chronic, irreversible, degenerative disease of the liver |
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| Spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ accompainied by pain, especially in the colon |
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| Inflammaion of the intestine, especially the colon, possibly caused by ingesting water or food containing chemical irritants, bacteria, protozoa, or parasites, that results in bloody diarrhea |
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| Epigastric discomfort felt after eating; also called indegestion |
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| Inability or difficulty in swallowing also called aphagia |
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| Producing gas from the stomach, usually with a characteristic sound, also called belching |
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| Gas in the GI tract; expelling of air from a body orifice, especially the anus |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) |
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| Backflow of gastric contents into the esophagus due to malfunction of the of the sphincter muscle at the inferior portion of the esphogus |
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| Offensive or "bad" breath |
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| irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) |
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| Symptom complex marked by abdominal pain and altered bowel function (typically constipation, diarrhea, or alternating constipation and diarrhea)for which no organic cause can be determined; also called spastic colon |
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| Intestinal obstruction; also called severe constipation |
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| Symptom complex of the small intestine characterized by the impaired passage of nutrients, minerals, or fluids through intestinal willi into the blood or lymph |
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| Passage of dark-colored, tarry tools, due to the presensce of blood altered by altered by intestinal juices |
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| Formation of white spots or patches on the mucous membrane of the tongue, lips or cheek caused by primarily by irritation |
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| Progressive, wavelike movement that occurs in the hollow tubs of the body, especially the GI tract |
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| Progressive, wavelike movement that occurs in the hollow tubes of the body, especially the GI tract |
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| Stricture or narrowing of the pyloric orifice, possibly due to exxcessive thickening of the pyloric sphincter (circular muscle of the pylorus) |
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| Backward flowing at in the return of solids or fluids to the mouth from the stomach or the backward flow of blood through a defective heart valve |
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| Passage of fat in large amounts in the feces due to failure to digest and absorb it |
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| visual examination of a cavity or canal using a specialized lighted instrument called an endoscope |
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| Endoscoopy of the esophogus (esophagoscopy), stomach (gastroscopy), and duodenum (duodenoscopy) |
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| Endoscopy of the colon (colonoscopy), sigmoid colon (sigmoidoscopy) and rectum and anal canal (procotoscopy) |
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| Panel of blood tests that identify the specific virus - hepatitis A (HAV), hepatitis B (HBV), or hepatitis C (HCV) - causing hepatitis by testing serum using antibodies to each of these antigens |
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| liver functin tests (LFTs) |
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| Tests involving measurement of the levels of certain enzymes, bilirubin, and various proteins |
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| Measurement of the level of bilirubin in the blood |
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| Microbiological procedure in which microorganisms in feces are grown on media or nutrient material to identify specific pathogens |
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| Applying a substance called guaiac to stool sample to detect the presence of blood in the feces; also called Hemocult (trade name of a modified guaiac test) |
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| Ragiographic examination of the rectum and colon following enema sdministration of barim sulfae (contrast medium)into the rectum; also called "lower GI series" |
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| Radiographic examination of the esophogus, stomach and small intestine following an oral administration of barium sulfate (contrast medium); also called "esophagram and upper GI series" |
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| Radiographic images taken of the gallbladder after administration of a contrast material containing iodine, usually in the form of a tablet |
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| computed tomograph (CT) scan |
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| Imaging technique achieved by rotating an x-ray emitter around the area to be scanned and measuring the intensity of transmitted rays from different angles; formerly called "computerized axial tomography" |
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) |
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| Endoscopic procedure that provides radiographic visualization of the bile and pancreatic ducts |
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| percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography |
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| Radiographic examination of the structure of the bile ducts |
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| Radiologic examination of the salivary glands and ducts |
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| Image droduced by using hight-frequency sound waves (ultrasound) and displaying the relected "echoes" on a monitor (A computer analyzes the reflected echos and converts them into an image on a video monitor)- also called ultrasound, sonography, echo and echogram |
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| Ultrasound visulization of the abdominal aorta, liver, gallbladder, bile ducts, pancreas, kidneys, ureters, and bladder |
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| Insertion of a nasogastric tube through the nose into the stomach to relieve gastric distention by removing gas, gastric secretions, or food: to instill medication, food, or fluids; or to obtain a specimen for laboratory analysis |
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| Surgical joining of two ducts, vessles or bowel segments to allow flow from one to another |
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| Surgical connection of the ileum and rectum after total colectomy, as is sometimes performed in the treatment of ulcerative colitis |
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| Surgical connection of two portions of the intestines |
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| Creation of an opening of some portion of the colon through the abdominal wall to its outside surface in order to divert fecal flow to a colostomy bag |
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| Procedure for eliminating a stone within the urninary system or gallbladder by crushing the stone surgically or using a noninvasive method such as ultrasonic shock waves to shatter it |
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| Use of shock waves as a noninvasive method to break up stones in the gallbladder or biliary ducts |
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| Incision of the longitudinal and circular muscles of the pylorus; used to treat hypertrophic pyloric stenosis |
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Netralize stomach acid
Generic/Trade Names
cimetidine/Tagamet, Tagamet HB
famotidine/ Mylanta AR, Pepcid, Pepcid AC |
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control loos stools; relieve diarrhea
Generic/Trade names:
loperamide/Imodium, Imodium A-D, Kaopectate II Caplets, Maalox Antidiarrheal Caplets, Pepto Diarrhea Control
kaolin/pectin / Donnagel-MB, Kao-Spen, Kapectolin, K-P |
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Control nausea and vomiting
Generic/Trade names:
prochlorperazine / Compazine, Ultrazine
trimethobenzamide / T-Gen, Ticon, Tigan, Trimazide |
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Definition
Decrease gastrointestinal spasms
Generic/Trade names:
glycopyrrolate/Robinul, Robinul-Forte
propantheline / Pro-Banthine |
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Definition
Treat constipation
Generic/Trade names:
senna, sennosides / Dosaflex, Senna-Gen, Senokot, Senolax
psyllium / Fiberall, Hydrocil, Metamucil, Mylanta natural fiber supplement |
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| aspiration biopsy cytology |
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| alanine aminotransferase (elevated in liver and heart disease); formerly SGPT |
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| angiotensin sensitivity test; aspartate aminotransferase (cardiac enzyme, formerly called SGOT) |
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| esophagogastroduodenoscopy |
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| endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography |
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| gastroesophageal reflux disease |
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| after meals (postprandial) |
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| every hour - may also contain a number to indicate the number of hours between administration of medication or therapy as in q8h |
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| every other day (being discontinued and replaced by writing out) |
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| secrete saliva- containing digestive enzymes to begin the breakdown of food |
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| main structure of the tooth |
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| innermost part of the tooth - contains blood vessels and nerves |
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| pink, fleshy tissue known as gums |
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| guides food into the pharynx |
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| small cartilage flap (covers trachea during swallowing) |
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| lower esophageal (cardiac) sphincter |
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| the terminal portion of the esophagus - prevents food from regurgitating from stomach back into esophagus |
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| the most upper portion of the stomach mainly for storage |
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| large central portion of the stomach mainly for storage |
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| funnel-shaped terminal portion of the stomach where most digestion takes place |
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| macroscopic longitudinal folds that make up the mucous membranes of the interior lining of the stomach |
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| bolus(food ball) turned into a semiliquid |
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| 20 foot long tube - starts at the pyloric sphincter, ends at the large intestine |
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| uppermost segment of the small intestine - 10 inches long |
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| part of small intestine - 8 foot long |
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| part of small intestine - 12 feet long |
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| microsopic, finger-like projections in the small intestine that absorb nutrients from chyme |
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| a sphincter muscle that the end of the small intestine - allows undigested food to pass from sm. intestine to lg. intestine |
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| starts at the ileum, ends at the anus - 5 feet long |
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| pouch that hangs below the ileocecal valve |
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| worm-like structure that hangs down from the cecum |
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| elongated, flattened organ performs endocrine & exocrine functions |
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| secreate insulin directly to the blood stream |
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| produces digestive enzymes that pass into the duodenum thru the pancreatic duct |
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| pancreatic enzyme that breaks down proteins |
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| pancreatic enzyme that breaks down carbohydrates |
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| pancreatic enzyme that breaks down fat |
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| ulcers the occur in the colon |
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| bacteria - leading cause of peptic ulcers |
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| peptic ulcer (PUD)disease |
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| most common type of ulcer that occurs in the digestive system- two types Gastric ulcers Duodenal ulcers |
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| chronic inflammatory disease of the large intestine and rectum |
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| protrusion of any organ, tissue or structure thru the wall of the cavity in which it is naturally contained |
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| when the blood supply to the hernia is cut off because of pressure and necrosis develops |
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| protrusion of the intestine at the navel |
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| the lower part of the esophagus and the top of the stomach slides through the opening (hiatus) in the diaphragm |
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| enlarged veins in the mucous membranes of the anal canal |
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| condition where small/blisterlike pockets form in the lg. intestine's inner lining (when inflammed becomes diverticulitis) |
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| accumulation of fluid in the abdomen |
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| rumbling or gurgling noises passage of gas thru the liquid contents of the intestine |
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| general lack of nutrition and wasting from chronic disease or emotional disturbance |
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Definition
| chronic inflammation of the intestine (usually the ileum) |
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Definition
| degenerative disease of the liver |
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Definition
| spasm in any hollow or tubular soft organ accompanied by pain, espcially in the colon |
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Definition
| inflammation of the intestine, esp. the colon |
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Definition
| epigastric discomfort felt after eating |
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| inability or difficulty swallowing |
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