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| anything that has mass and occupies space |
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| ability to do work or put matter into motion, no mass |
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| positive electrical charge |
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| smallest particle, negative charge |
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| neutral, uncharged particle |
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| acidity, donates/accepts H+ |
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| ionic compound without H+ or OH- |
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| electrically charged particle b/c gain/give e- |
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| gives e-, becaomes positive b/c loses neg. charge |
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| gains e-, so becomes negative |
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| long chains of simple sugars, insoluble, good for energy |
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| condensation, formation of complex molecule by removing water molecule |
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| oppp. of dehydration synthesis, break complex molecule bonds and add water components |
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| decomposition reaction of complex molecules within cell body and tissues |
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| synthesis of new molecules in cells and tissues |
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| water insoluble, dissolve in other lipids and fats, lower O2 than carbs, can be charged or neutral |
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| catalists, regulate and accelerate biological reactions but are not altered themselves |
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| a molecule with two or more elements |
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| two or more atoms held together by covalent bonds |
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| variation of an element, atom has same number of protons but different number of neutrons |
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| cross an acid and a base, resulting in a salt and water |
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| 2 molecules bonded by electron transfer |
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| formed when H is already in a covalent bond, nut is attracted to another elctron hungry molecule, extremely weak bond |
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| adenosine triphosphate, hi energy compound of adenosine plus 3 phosphate groups attached, |
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| the breakdown of a molecule in solution to form ions |
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| assembes smaller molecules into larger molecules |
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| parts of the reacting molecules are shuffled around to produce new products |
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| a fibrous protein in hair and nails |
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| large polysaccharides formed by plants from glucose molecules |
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| animal starch, polysaccharide, made and stored by muscle cells |
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| basic, containing more OH- ions thans H+ ions |
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| types of energy and their definition |
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Definition
chemical- stored in bonds of substances
electrical- movement of charged particles
mechanical- moves matter directly
radient/elctromagnetic- travels in waves |
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| describe structure of an atom |
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| protons and neutrons are in the nucleus, electrons orbit the nucleus |
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| names and charges of subatomic particles |
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Definition
proton- positive
neutron- neutral
electron- negative |
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| most abundant elements in the human body |
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| difference between a chemical and physical change |
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| difference between a polar and non-polar covalent bond |
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Definition
non-polar shares the elctron evenly
polar, one atom hogs the electron |
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| where are hydogen bonds found in the body? |
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Definition
| holds DNA together, gives it stabilization |
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| How do Na and Cl come together to form NaCl? |
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Definition
| ionic bond, Na wants to lose 2 e- and Cl wants to gain 2e- |
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| 4 types of inorganic compounds found in the body |
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| water, salts, acids and bases |
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| what inorganic compound makes up 60-80% of human body |
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| name and explain versatile features of water that make it useful in the body |
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high heat capacity- absorbs and retains heat
reactivity- useful for cellular respiration
lubrication- decreases friction between serous membranes
solubility/solvent properties |
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| Why will a salt dissolved in water conduct electricity? Will you get same with sugar? Why? How do bonds in molecule influence this characteristic? |
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| Because salt dissociates in water to form ions. Sugar will not, so no. Ionic bonds can be broken to form charged particles, conducting electricity. Covalent molecules can be separated from other covalent molecules, but the bond is not broken |
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| difference between organic and inorganic compound |
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organic compounds contain carbon and hydrogen, and oxygen, generally held together by covalent bonds
inorganic do not usually have carbon, hydrogen, and are usually held together by ionic bonds |
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| 4 types of organic compounds found in the body. examples |
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carbohydrates- sugars and starches, glucose
lipids- fats, saturdted fats
amino acids and proteins- keratin
nucleic acids- RNA and DNA |
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| most abundant polysaccharide in animals and where stored |
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| organic compound that is the best source of stored energy in the body |
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| 2 parts of a phospholipid |
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Definition
| polar head(hydrophilic), non-polar tail (hydrophobic) |
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| difference between a saturated and unsaturated fat in appearrance and moecular structure |
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Definition
saturated are solid at room temp and unsaturated are liquid,
saturated have single covalent bonds and are not very reactive, unsaturated have double bonds |
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| what is a protein made of and how put together |
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Definition
amino acids
dehydration synthesis |
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| what is meant by primary, secondary, tertiary and quarternary structure of a protein? |
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primary- linear sequence of amino acids
secondary- interactions between AAs on a chain
tertiary- complex coiling and folding that give a protein its 3D shape
quarternary- formation of a protein complex (hemoglobin) |
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| what is protein denaturing? cause? permanent? |
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change in the tertiary or quarternary structure (protein shape)
higher than normal body temp or decrease in pH
reversible
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fibrous protein vs. globular protein
give examples |
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fibrous- strand like, very stable, water insoluble, structural, keratin and elastin
globular- compact, spherical, unstable, water soluble, functional, antibodies, peptide hormones, enzymes |
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function of an enzyme
what type of molecule |
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Definition
increase the likelihood of a reaction between molecules
catalyst
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| main function of ATP in the body |
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| major source of energy used by cells |
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factors that influence the rate of a chemical reaction
explain how |
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temperature- higher=faster
concentration- hhgher=more
particle size- smaller, means move faster, means faster reactions
catalysts/enzymes- increase rate, but not changed chemically |
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| characteristics of an acid and base |
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acid- proton donor, more H+ than OH-, lower pH
base- proton receiver, more OH- than H+, more alkaline, higher pH |
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| what happens when you cross a strong acid with a strong base |
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| neutralization, formation of water and salt |
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