Term
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Definition
| polymer composed of sugars and peptide bonds |
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Term
| bacterial cell walls vs. archael cell walls |
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Definition
| archaeal cell walls are made up of polysaccharides, but lack the peptidoglycan of bacterial cell walls |
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Term
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Definition
| used to classify bacterial species. gram positive cells have cell walls of peptidogylcan that does not allow the violet dye to wash away. gram negative cells have a thinner layer of peptidoglycan that is rinsed clean of the violet dye reveling the underlying red dye |
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Term
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Definition
| simplier cells that is susceptible to antibactirial drugs |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that have a lipid outer membrane that protect them from the body's defenses and antibotics |
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Term
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Definition
| sticky layer surrounding prokayrotes that enables them to adhere to substrates or other individuals as well as protect against dehydration and attacks from immune systems |
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Term
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Definition
| hairlike appendages of proks that allow them to stick to their substrates or on another. thinner and more numverous than pili |
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Term
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Definition
| appendages that pull two cells togther prior to DNA transfer |
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Term
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Definition
| a directed movement toward or away from a stimulus. present in about half of proks |
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Term
| differences between prok and euk flagella |
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Definition
| prok flagella is smaller and not covered in a plasma membrane like euk flagella |
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Term
| what do the differences between bacterial, archaeal and euk flagella suggest? |
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Definition
| the differences between these flagella suggest that each one developed independently, not analogous or homologous structures |
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Term
| bacterial flagella consist of |
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Definition
| bacterial flagellas consit of rod, hook, and filaments |
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Term
| what do the stuctures of flagellum suggest? |
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Definition
| that each componet evolved as proteins were added, this is an example of exaptation |
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Term
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Definition
| the process in which existing structures take on new functions through descent with modification |
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Term
| how is prok DNA different from euk? |
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Definition
| prok genomes generally carry less DNA, circular chromosomes with fewer proteins, contained in the nucleoid, plasmids |
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Term
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Definition
| region of the cytoplasm that is lighter than the surrounding cytoplsm |
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Term
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Definition
| small rings of independently replicating DNA |
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Term
| differences in DNA replication between euks and proks |
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Definition
| prok ribosomes are smaller and have a different protein/RNA composition- which allow for them to be blocked by antibotics |
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Term
| how is prok reproduction limited |
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Definition
| exhaustion of nutrients, poision by their own metabolic wastes, competition from other organisms, or consumed by other organisms. |
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Term
| three key features of prok bio: |
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Definition
1. small
2. reproduce by bianary fission
3. have short generation times- contributes to their ability to evolve rapidly |
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Term
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Definition
| a copy of a cells chromosomes surrounded by a tough multilayer structure. when water is absent, the endospores metabolism is paused and can be exported when the cell lyses |
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Term
| why can proks survive harsh environments |
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Definition
biochemical adaptations
sturctural adaptaions- endospores |
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Term
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Definition
| movement toward or away from a chemical stimulus |
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Term
| three factors that give proks high levels of genetic diversity |
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Definition
1. rapid reproduction
2. mutation
3. genetic recombination |
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Term
| how do short generation times and mutations create diverstity? |
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Definition
| short generation times mean that there's more oppertunities for a mutation to arise = more mutations = more diversity |
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Term
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Definition
the combining of DNA from two sources
occurs in euks as meiosis/fertilization, but in proks this happens during transformation, transduction and/or conjugation |
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Term
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Definition
| the movement of genes from one organism to another |
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Term
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Definition
| genotype (and maybs pheno) of a prok are altered by the uptake for foreign DNA from the environment such as a similar strains taking up a piece of the other strain |
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Term
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Definition
| phages carry genes from one cell to another |
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Term
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Definition
DNA is transferred between proks that are temporarily joined. this where pili is utilized
in bacteria its always one way |
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Term
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Definition
| must use O2 for respiration |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| use O2 if it is present but can also carry out fermentation or anaerobic respiration when needed |
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Term
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Definition
| conversion of nitrogetn (N2) to ammonia (NH3), this 'fixed' nitrogen can be incorporated into amino acids and other organic molecules |
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Term
| impact of nitrogen fixation in proks on organisms |
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Definition
| increase nitrogen avalible to plants |
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Term
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Definition
make their own food:
photo and chemo |
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Term
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Definition
need others sources to provide food:
photo
chemo |
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Term
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Definition
| cells that carry out nitrogen in metabolic cooperation |
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Term
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Definition
| allows proks to accomplish shit they couldn't have otherwise. split up the work load, feed off each other's by products |
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