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Chap 19
Final
69
Political Studies
Undergraduate 2
12/15/2010

Additional Political Studies Flashcards

 


 

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Term
Isolationism
Definition
A national policy of avoiding participation in foreign affairs
Not total; U.S. was a trading nation and did engage in foreign affairs to some extent
Supported by Americans in the Interwar Year
Term
Unilateralism
Definition
A national policy of acting without consulting others
Supported by Americans during the Interwar years
Term
Moralism
Definition
The policy of emphasizing morality in foreign affairs
Term
Pragmatism
Definition
Policy of taking advantage of a situation for national gain
Term
Washington's Farewell Address
Definition
Warned that U.S. should avoid involvement in foreign alliances.
Washington was not isolationist. He accepted the need for trade, but this lead to conflict.
Term
Barbary Wars
Definition
Impressment
Embargo Act
Term
Embargo Act
Definition
passed by the Congress in 1807 to prevent U.S. ships from leaving for foreign ports without the approval of the federal government
Term
War of 1812
Definition
Fought between the United States and Great Britain over impressment and U.S. territorial designs on Canada
Resulted in the 1814 Treaty of Ghent
Term
Monroe Doctrine
Definition
James Monroe’s 1823 pledge that the United States would oppose attempts by European states to extend their political control into the Western Hemisphere
Term
U.S. as an Emerging Power
Definition
Process of U.S. emergence as a world power centered on three areas:
Trade Policy and Commerce
Continental Expansion and Manifest Destiny
Interests beyond the Western Hemisphere
Term
Principles of trade reciprocity and most favored nations
Definition
Worked well until the end of the Napoleonic Wars
Increased competition
U.S. adopted protectionist tariffs designed to keep the home market for domestic producers
First protective tariff was passed in 1816
Term
Tariffs
Definition
Taxes on imports used to raise government revenue and to protect infant industries
“American System” of trade protection
Increasing higher tariffs
Protected market for American producers, but also cut off foreign markers for American producers due to retaliation of foreign countries
Term
Continental Expansion
Definition
During the 19th century the country expanded
Land taken from Native Americans
1846 Mexican War
By the end of century, country reached from the Atlantic to the Pacific
Term
Manifest Destiny
Definition
Theory that the United States was divinely mandated to expand across North America to the Pacific Ocean
Term
Spanish-American War (1898)
Definition
Made the world take note of U.S. as a rising power.

Acquired Puerto Rico, the Philippines, Guam and for a few years Cuba
Term
The Roosevelt Corollary (The Colossus of the North)
Definition
Developed by Theodore Roosevelt, in the early 20th century.
it was the U.S. responsibility to assure stability in Latin America and the Caribbean.
Term
World War I (1914)
Definition
WWI broke out in Europe
U.S. initially stayed out
No U.S. interests were involved.
Nation of immigrants—divided as to which side to support
Term
World War I (after 1914)
Definition
U.S.-German affairs worsened
Wilson led the nation into conflict in 1917.
Entered the war late but its armed forces and economic assistance swung the tide of victory to the Allies’ side
Wilson put faith in collective security after WWI.
Term
collective security
Definition
The concept that peace would be secured if all countries collectively opposed any country that invaded another
League of Nations
Term
Treaty of Versailles
Definition
Never ratified by Senate
Term
Interwar Years
Definition
Americans supported isolationism and unilateralism
Tariffs continued
Great Depression caused shift in public opinion on foreign policy regarding trade
High tariffs not as popular
Isolationism was still supported even as aggression developed in Europe.
Term
Pearl Harbor
Definition
U.S. naval base in Hawaii attacked by Japan on December 7, 1941, initiating U.S. entry into WWII
Term
WWII
Definition
Entry into the war transformed American society
Birth of the nuclear age
Focus on keeping the peace
Term
United Nations
Definition
An international governmental organization created shortly before the end of WWII to guarantee the security of nations and to promote global economic, physical, and social well-being
Term
International governmental organization (IGO)
Definition
Organization created by at least two and often many countries that operates internationally with the objectives of achieving the purposes that the member countries agree upon
Term
Bretton Woods Agreement
Definition
International financial agreement signed shortly before the end of WWII that created the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund
Term
International Monetary Fund
Definition
Mandate is to stabilize international financial relations through fixed monetary exchange rates
Term
World Bank
Definition
Provides loans for large economic development projects
Term
General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT)
Definition
Devised shortly after WWII as an interim agreement until a World Trade Organization could be created to help lower tariffs and increase trade
Term
Multilateralism
Definition
U.S. foreign policy in which actions should be taken in cooperation with other states after consultation
Term
Truman Doctrine
Definition
U.S. policy initiated in 1947 of providing economic assistance and military aid to countries fighting against communist revolutions or political pressure
Term
Marshall Plan
Definition
European Recovery Program, named after Secretary of State George C. Marshall, of extensive U.S. aid to Western Europe after WWII
Term
Containment
Definition
Strategy to oppose expansion of Soviet power, particularly in Western Europe and East Asia, with military power, economic assistance, and political influence
Term
North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO)
Definition
The first peacetime military treaty the United States joined
NATO is a regional political and military organization created in 1950
Term
Containment
Definition
Strategy to oppose expansion of the soviet power particularly in the Western Europe/East Asia with military power, political influence
1st peacetime treaty
Term
John F. Kennedy
Definition
Continued containment policy, but expanded it to incorporate establishing cordial relations
Met Khrushchev in Vienna, but it did not go well
Soviets deployed intermediate-range ballistic missiles in Cuba.
Term
Cuban Missile Crisis
Definition
U.S. reacted strongly; placed naval blockade around Cuba
Khrushchev backed down.
There would be no nuclear war.
Resulted in the installation of a “hotline” between the two countries.
Lead to the Vietnam War (1965-1973)
Term
Cold War && Containment
Definition
1947 - 1960
Term
Containment, Cuba, and Vietnam
Definition
1961-1969
Term
Détente and Human Rights
Definition
1969-1981
Term
Détente
Definition
the relaxation of tensions between the U.S. and the Soviet Union that occurred during the 1970s

Détente died in 1979.
Term
Nixon
Definition
“era of confrontation” to an “era of negotiation” with the Soviet Union

Nixon Doctrine: The policy implemented at the end of the Vietnam War — the United States would provide arms and military equipment to countries but not do the fighting for them
Term
Jimmy Carter
Definition
Emphasized human rights
Morality in human rights
Iranian hostage crisis

Carter Doctrine
Term
Iranian hostage crisis
Definition
Crisis during the Carter Administration when Iranian students with support of the Iranian government took over the U.S. embassy in Tehran, holding all the personnel hostage
Term
Carter Doctrine
Definition
Policy announced after the 1979 Soviet invasion of Afghanistan — the Persian Gulf area was a vital U.S. interest and the United States would fight to maintain access to it
Term
Containment Revisited and Renewed
Definition
1981-1989

Reagan
Term
Reagan
Definition
Confrontational relationship with Soviet Union
“Star Wars” strategic defense system
Heightened aggression by Soviets
Korean airline incident
Invasion of Grenada
Afghanistan activity
Soviet walkout from arms talk in Geneva
Term
Reagan Doctrine
Definition
Policy in which the United States would provide military assistance to anti-communist groups fighting against pro-Soviet governments
Term
Soviet Union (1981-1989)
Definition
also had serious internal problems.
Economic
Leadership crisis
Three leaders died between 1982 and 1985
Term
Gorbachev and Reagan
Definition
Focus on improving relations with U.S
Eventually agreements were signed that would facilitate the destruction of all intermediate nuclear forces.
End of the Cold War
Term
1989 Revolt by Eastern Europe
Definition
Communist governments fell and the Soviet Union did nothing to quell the rebellion.
U.S. helped with transitions to democracy as did other countries
Term
1990 Iraqi Invasion of Kuwait
Definition
Operation Desert Storm
Term
Powell Doctrine
Definition
Advocates an all-or-nothing approach to military invention. Among other criteria, it emphasizes the use of overwhelming force to ensure a quick and decisive victory, and the adoption of an exit strategy prior to any intervention
Term
Engagement
Definition
Policy implemented during the Clinton administration — the United States would remain actively involved in foreign affairs
Term
Enlargement
Definition
Policy implemented during the Clinton administration — the U.S. would actively promote the expansion of democracy and free markets throughout the world
Term
The War on Terrorism (2001 - present)
Definition
September 11th, and Bush Doctrine resulted
Term
Bush Doctrine
Definition
Policy advocated by President G.W. Bush of using preemptive military action against a perceived threat to U.S. interests
WMD
War in Iraq
Term
Role of President In Foreign Policy Making
Definition
Preeminent in foreign policy and military policy but does not have absolute power
Access to and control of information
Term
Role of Department of State and Defense in Foreign Policy Making
Definition
Responsible for formulations and implementation of U.S. foreign policy
Term
Role of Central Intelligence Agency in Foreign Policy making
Definition
Responsible for collection and analysis of information and intelligence about foreign countries and events
Term
Role of National Security Council in Foreign Policy Making
Definition
Responsible for advising the president about foreign and defense policy and events
Term
Department of Homeland Security
Definition
Cabinet department created after the 9/11 attacks to coordinate domestic U.S. security efforts against terrorism
9/11 Commission
Bipartisan, independent group was authorized by congress and President Bush in 2002 to study the circumstances surrounding the September 11 terrorist attacks
Term
War Powers Act
Definition
Passed by Congress in 1973; the president is limited in the deployment of troops overseas to a sixty-day period in peacetime (which can be extended for an extra thirty days to permit withdrawal) unless Congress explicitly gives its approval for a longer period
Term
Congress
Definition
Influences foreign policy via:
Congressional Leadership
Congressional Oversight
Treaties and Executive Agreements
Appointments
Appropriations
Term
The Military Industrial Complex
Definition
The grouping of the U.S. armed forces and defense industries
Economic clout
Access to technical expertise and political information
Share many interests
Personal and professional relationships are close
Military and defense industry officials work closely with legislators and their staffs.
Term
The Military Industrial Complex
Definition
The grouping of the U.S. armed forces and defense industries
Economic clout
Access to technical expertise and political information
Share many interests
Personal and professional relationships are close
Military and defense industry officials work closely with legislators and their staffs.
Term
The News Media
Definition
Key participants in foreign and military policy formulation and implementation


Roles:
Reporting and investigation
Agenda setting
Influencing public opinion
Term
Public Action
Definition
Example of widespread resistance to the draft during the Vietnam War
May work through nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) such as Amnesty International
Term
Twenty-First Century Challenges
Definition
Issues
What is in the national interest?
When do we intervene overseas?
China?
Israel and Palestine?
Promoting Democracy in the Middle East
Afghanistan
Iraq
Transnational threats to peace
Nuclear proliferation?
Rogue states?
Drug and Environmental Problems
When to act unilaterally versus multilaterally?
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