Term
| What 2 sub-systems is the autonomic nervous system divided into? |
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Definition
| The sympathetic and parasympathetic |
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Term
| What controls the sympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| What controls the parasympathetic nervous system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Adrenergics are also called and stimulate what? |
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Definition
| sympathomimetics; sympathetic system; "fight or flight" |
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Term
| Adrenergics control which neurotransmitters? |
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Definition
| alpha 1, alpha 2, beta 1, beta 2 |
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Term
| What does neurotransmitter alpha 1 control? |
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Definition
| vasoconstriction: which elevates BP and heart rate, dilates pupils, decreases salivation and urination |
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Term
| What does neurotransmitter Alpha 2 control? |
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Definition
| vasodilation by stopping influx of norepinephrine: decreases BP, heart rate, and GI motility |
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Term
| What does neurotransmitter beta 1 contol? |
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Definition
| Heart: increases rate and contraction |
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Term
| What does neurotransmitter beta 2 control? |
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Definition
| bronchodilation: increases uterine and bladder relaxation and promotes blood flow to skeletal muscles |
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Term
| What is the acronym for the sympathetic system? |
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Definition
| CANT's - Pee, Poop, See, Spit |
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Term
| What are the classifications of Adrenergics/Sympathomimetics? |
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Definition
| direct-acting: epinephrine, indirect-acting: amphetamine, mixed-acting: ephedrine |
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Term
| What are the pharmacodynamics of adrenergics? |
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Definition
| Treat anaphylaxis, vasoconstricts, bronchodilates |
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Term
| What are the pharmacokinetics of adrenergics? |
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Definition
| SQ, IV, topical, inhalation |
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Term
| What situations are contraindications or cautions for the use of adrenergics? |
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Definition
| Cardiac dysrhythmias, hypertension, hyperthyroidism, and pregnancy |
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Term
| Adrenergic blockers are also called and block what? |
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Definition
| Sympatholytics; effects of adrenergics at receptor sites |
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Term
| What do alpha-adrenergic blockers do? |
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Definition
| promote vasodilation, decrease BP, increase HR trying to compensate; selective & non-selective |
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Term
| What are alpha-adrenergic blockers used to treat? |
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Definition
| PVD and decrease symptoms of BPH |
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Term
| What are the side effects of alpha-adrenergic blockers? |
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Definition
| cardiac dysrythmias, flushing, hypotension, reflex tachycardia |
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Term
| What do beta-adrenergic blockers do? |
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Definition
| slows heart rate and eases contractions; bronchoconstriction and increases GI motility |
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Term
| Are beta-adrenergic blockers selective or non-celective? |
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Definition
| Either; selective:metoprolol (Lopressor), atenolol (Tenormin); non-selective: propanolol HCL (Inderal) |
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Term
| What are the side effects/adverse reactions to beta-adrenergic blockers? |
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Definition
| bradycardia, hypotension, headaches, hyperglycemia/hypoglycemia, agranulocytosis |
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Term
| What drugs do beta-adrenergic blockers interact with? |
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Definition
| Dilantin, Isuprel, NSAID's, Xanthines |
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Term
| Cholinergics are also called and stimulate what? |
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Definition
| Parasympathomimetics; parasympahtetic system; "rest and digest" |
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Term
| Cholinergics control which neurotransmitter? |
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Definition
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Term
| Cholinergics target 2 receptor sites? |
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Definition
| Muscarinic receptors and nicotinic |
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Term
| Muscarinic receptors control? |
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Definition
| smooth muscle and slows heart rate |
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Term
| Nicotinic receptors control? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the acronym for the parasympathetic system? |
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Definition
| SLUDGE: Salivation, Lacrimation, Urination, Diarrhea/Diaphoresis, GI peristalsis, Edema/Emesis |
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Term
| What are the classifications of Cholinergics/Parasympathomimetics? |
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Definition
| Direct acting, indirect acting, and reversible/irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors |
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Term
| What are the effects, examples, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of direct-acting cholinergics? |
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Definition
| acts on muscarinic receptors, non-specific; bethanechol chloride (Urecholine) for neurogenic bladder; pilocarpine for glaucome; increase micturition (urination); PO, SQ; hypotension, bradycardia, excessive salivation, increased secreetion of gastric acid, bronchoconstriction, abdominal cramps |
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Term
| What are the effects, examples, pharmacodynamics, pharmacokinetics and adverse effects of indirect-acting cholinergics? |
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Definition
| inhibit cholinesterase to allow ACh to work; no examples; used to increase muscle tone in myasthenia gravis patients; side effect: bradycardia, asthma, peptic ulcers; contras: intestinal & urinary obstructions |
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Term
| Explain reversible cholinesterase inhibitors. |
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Definition
| short therapeutic action; produce pupil constriction in glaucoma patients - increase IO press: med-haloparmene; increase muscle strength in myasthenia gravis patients |
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Term
| Explain irreversible cholinesterase inhibitors. |
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Definition
| long acting-days or weeks; decrease IO press; antidote to reverse organophosphate: pralidoxime (Protopam) |
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Term
| Cholinergic blockers are also called and block what? |
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Definition
| anticholinergics/parasympatholytics/cholinergic or muscarinic antagonists/antimuscarinic agents/antispasmodic agents; block the effects of cholinergics at receptor sites: inhibit the action of acetylcholine |
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Term
| What do anticholinergics do? |
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Definition
| decrease GI motility and secretions, increase heart rate, dilate pupils, relax GI tract/bladder, decrease salivation/perspiration/secretions |
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Term
| What are the side effects/adverse reations of anticholinergics? |
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Definition
| CANT's: tachycardia, dry mouth, abdominal distention, palpitations, nasal congestion, photophobia, blurred vision, flushing, urinary retention |
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Term
| What are examples of anticholinergic drugs? |
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Definition
| Detrol, Cogentin, Atropine |
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Term
| What is the antidote for cholinergic overdose? |
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Definition
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Term
| Anticholinergic drugs used to treat Parkinsonism or pseudoparkinsonism? |
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Definition
| benztropine (Cogentin), biperiden (Akineton, procyclidine (Kemadrin), trihexyphenidyl HCL (Artane) |
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Term
| Other anticholinergics used to treat moption sickness? |
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Definition
| scopolamine (Transderm Scop), dimenhydrinate (Dramamine) |
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Term
| Side effects of antihistamine-anticholinergics? |
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Definition
| dry mouth, visual disturbances, constipation, urinary retention, tachycardia, hypotension |
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