Term
| how antibiotics-associated colitis is caused |
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Definition
| overgrowth of C.difficile (spore-forming) release of toxins- diarrhea, fever & abdominal pain |
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Term
| fungal and bacterial SPECIES used to make antibiotics from |
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Definition
FUNGAL *penicillium *cephalosporium
BACTERIAL *streptomyces *bacillus (bacteria) |
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Term
| examples of synthetic antibiotics |
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Definition
| *sulfa *trimethoprime *Isoniazid |
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Term
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Definition
| antibiotics effective against many kinds of microbes |
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Term
|
Definition
| antibiotics effective against few/limited microbes |
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Term
| Recommended qualities of good antibiotics |
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Definition
*selective (only toxic to microorganism)
*microbiocidal (not microbistatic)tetracyclin
*not develop resistance
*not too expensive to produce |
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Term
| sulfa drugs & trimethoprime |
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Definition
*competitive inhibition
*nucleic acid
*lyse bacteria walls |
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Term
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Definition
| inhibitor competes with natural substrate for the active site of the enzyme |
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Term
| antibiotics with fewer side effects (selective cytotoxicity) AND their target within the cell |
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Definition
| *penicillin and cephalosporins. Bacteria cell wall is attacked, not ours. Penicillins attack the peptidoglycans |
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Term
| side effects of penicillin |
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Definition
*antibiotic-associated colitis
*allergic reactions
*resistant strains of pathogens |
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Term
| what does penicillinase do? |
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Definition
*inactivates penicillin
*enzymes produced by bacteria are resistant to penicillin |
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Term
| what is target of aminoglycosides in bacteria cell? is BSA |
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Definition
*inhibit attachment of mRNA to 30S subunit.
*inhibit protein synthesis in prokaryotic cell (ribosomes)
*our mitochondria can also be inhibited
Most toxic is chloramphenicol |
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Term
| One (cell wall) side effect of: |
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Definition
*tetracycline -inhibit protein synthesis
*chloramphenicol-inhibit protein synthesis
*amphotericin-fungal cell membrane (sterols), loss of permeability |
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Term
| what is chloramphenicol and what does it cause? |
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Definition
| protein synthetic inhibitor. Causes aplastic anemia. No new blood cells produced. It effects bone marrow. |
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Term
| what does cephalosporin (BSA) target? |
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Definition
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Term
Cephalosporin is derived from what fungus?
Polymyxins derived from? |
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Definition
Cephalosporium acremonium
Bacillus polymyxa |
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Term
| Cephalosporin has less allergic responses |
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Definition
| and resistant to penicillinase |
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Term
| antibiotics RESISTANT to penicillinase |
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Definition
| cephalosporins, aminoglycosides |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| antibiotics toxic to kidneys |
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Definition
|
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Term
| what are Amphotericin B and nystatin used to treat? |
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Definition
fungal infections
*nystatin treats yeast specifically |
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Term
| How Amphotericin B & nystatin kill microbes? |
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Definition
| combine themselves with sterol molecules (Euk) & pull them away from cell membrane. Effect both cell wall AND cell membrane |
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Term
| What antibiotics amount for majority of all antibiotics administered |
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Definition
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Term
|
Definition
*naturally produced ones are narrow spectrum/gram positive
*synthetic *mild-target bacteria cell wall *allergic responses |
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Term
| Many are resistant to penicillin: |
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Definition
*for MRSA, vanco and linolezid are used
*Enterococcus faecalis are resistant |
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Term
| 260 groups of antibiotics in 20 families. What are the groups? |
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Definition
*antibacterial-(antibiotics&synthetic)
*antifungal
*antiparasitic
*antiviral |
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Term
| Host-drug side effects of antibiotics |
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Definition
| *Toxicity to organs *allergic responses *disrupt balance of normal flora (superinfection) |
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Term
| Host-drug toxicity/side effects/organ damage |
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Definition
*tetracycline-effects cells;discolors bones
*chloramphenocol-aplastic anemia
*sulfa-kidney damage |
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Term
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Definition
effects endogenous flora
e.g:Cephalosporin will kill UTI but also kill lactobacilli |
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