Term
|
Definition
| A single case design in which baseline and intervention conditions are repeated with the same person |
|
|
Term
| Alternating Treatments Design |
|
Definition
| A single case design in which two or more interventions alternate systematically |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental events that occur b e f o r e a behavior |
|
|
Term
| Applied behavior analysis |
|
Definition
| The attempt to solve behavior problems by providing antecedents and/or consequences that change behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of sensitization training in which a stimulus that arouses an inappropriate positive response is paired with an aversive stimulus. used especially in the treatment of drug abuse and criminal sexual behavior such as pedophilia. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcer that may be received in exchange for a token. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chaining procedure that begins with the last element in the chain and progresses to the first element. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A period during which the target behavior is recorded, but no attempt is made to modify it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Anything a person does that can be observed |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The science of behavior change; the study of the functional relations between behavior and environmental events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sequence of related behaviors, each of which provides the cue for the next, and the last of which produces a reinforcer |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of bringing a target behavior under the influence of its natural reinforcers by exposing it to those reinforcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The attempt to (1) define the target behavior; (2) identify functional relations between the target behavior and its antecedents and consequences; and (3) identify an effective intervention for changing the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for changes in behavior outside the training environment to be the opposite of the changes produced in the training environment (Compare stimulus generalization) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the things an individual is capable of doing at any given moment |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcement that is not part of, and tends to undermine an intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reinforcement of successive elements of a behavior chain |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Environmental events that occur AFTER a behavior. (Consequences that are not produced by the behavior are called adventitious.) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An agreement between two or more partis about what each is to do for the other |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recording each and every occurrence of a behavior during a prescribed period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcers that have been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying a behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The use of Pavlovian conditioning to undo the adverse effects of earlier conditioning |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that can be observed only by the person performing it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variation of aversion therapy in which the paired events are imagined |
|
|
Term
| Cumulative Frequency Graph |
|
Definition
| A graph in which each data point indicates the total number of times the behavior has occurred up to that point |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The principle that solving behavior problems with behavior analysis is more difficult than it appears. Daniels is known for telling people, "If you think this stuff is easy, you're doing it wrong." |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any form of counterconditioning that reduces an inappropriate negative response to an event. (Compare sensitization training) |
|
|
Term
| Differential reinforcement |
|
Definition
| Any procedure that combines extinction and reinforcement to change the frequency of a target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any procedure that results in a target behavior having different frequencies in different situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any event in the presence of which a target behavior is likely to have consequences that affect its frequency. |
|
|
Term
| DRA (Differential reinforcement of alternative behavior) |
|
Definition
| The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing an alternative behavior. The idea is to give the person an alternative way of obtaining reinforcers |
|
|
Term
| DRI (Differential reinforcement of incompatible behavior) |
|
Definition
| The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing a behavior that is incompatible with the target behavior |
|
|
Term
| DRL (differential reinforcement of low rate) |
|
Definition
| The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by reinforcing it only when it occurs at a low rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any event in a person's environment that can be observed |
|
|
Term
| Escape-Avoidance learning |
|
Definition
| A learning situation in which the target behavior results in escape from, or avoidance of, an aversive event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Withholding the reinforcers that maintain a target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A sharp increase in the frequency of a behavior that is on extinction. Extinction bursts usually occur soon after a behavior is placed on extinction. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Gradually reducing the strength of a prompt |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided after the target behavior occurs after an interval of n length since the last reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided the first time the target behavior occurs after an interval of n length since the last reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided after the target behavior has occurred n number of times |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of desensitization training in which the client is exposed to real or imagined situations that are very disturbing until they no longer arouse anxiety. The procedure typically causes great discomfort initially and is of uncertain effectiveness. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A chaining Procedure that begins with the first element in a behavior chain and progresses to the last element |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The process of testing hypotheses about the functional relations among antecedents, target behaviors, and consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency of one event to vary in a regular way with one or more other events |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for the effects of training to spread |
|
|
Term
| Inter-Observer reliability |
|
Definition
| A measure of the degree of agreement in data tallies made by two or more observers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Recording whether a behavior occurs during each of a series of short intervals within an observation period |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A variation of systematic desensitization in which the anxiety arousing situations to which the person is exposed are real, rather than imagined |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The principle that, in any given situation, the probability of a behavior occurring is a function of the consequences that behavior has had in that situation in the past. An abbreviated form says that behavior is a function of its consequences |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| All the environmental events (antecedents and consequences) that have affected a person's behavior up to the present |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule that maintains a target behavior at a desired rate |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Intervention procedures that increase the likelihood that changes in a target behavior will persist when the intervention is ended |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The view that behavior problems are merely symptoms of an underlying psychological disorder |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A single case design in which the effects of an intervention are recorded across situations, behaviors, or individuals |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcers that have not been arranged by someone for the purpose of modifying behavior; also called spontaneous or unplanned reinforcers |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcing event in which something is removed following a behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that is readily influenced by events that follow it |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by making restitution for damage done and practice of appropriate behavior contingent on the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that can be observed by someone other than the person performing it |
|
|
Term
| PRE Partial Reinforcement Effect |
|
Definition
| The principle that resistance to extinction is greater following intermittent reinforcement than it is following continuous reinforcement |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Any procedure by which an event comes to elicit a response by being paired with an event that elicits that response |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by making brief and noninjurious contact with skin contingent on the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcing event in which something is added following behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcing event in which something is added following behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An antecedent that induces a person to perform a behavior that otherwise does not occur |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of providing antecedents that evoke a target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An event that, when made contingent on a behavior, decreases the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that decrease the frequency of that behavior. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reduction in the rate of a target behavior and an increase in emotional behavior resulting from an increase in the ratio of behavior to reinforcement (see stretching the ratio) |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of providing consequences for a behavior that increase or maintain the frequency of that behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An event that, when made contingent on a behavior, increases or maintains the frequency of that behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| To reduce the frequency of a target behavior by making disapproval contingent on the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Behavior that is most readily influenced by event that precede it; reflexive behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by making removal of a reinforcer contingent on the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for the effects of training one behavior to spread to the other behaviors |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reappearance, during extinction, of previously effective |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An event in the presence of which a target behavior is reinforced. See Discriminative stimulus |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| An event in the presence of which a target behavior is not reinforced. See Discriminative stimulus |
|
|
Term
| Schedule of Reinforcement |
|
Definition
| A rule governing the delivery of reinforcers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| Reinforcers that are dependent on their association with other reinforcers. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| a variation of systematic desensitization in which the client conducts the treatment without the aid of a therapist |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| any form of counterconditioning that reduces an inappropriate positive to an event |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reinforcement of successive approximations of a target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A graph in which each data point indicates the number of times a behavior occurred at a particular time |
|
|
Term
| Single Case experimental design |
|
Definition
| A research design in which the behavior of an individual is compared under experimental and control conditions |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The reappearance of a target behavior following its extinction |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for the target behavior to occur in the presence of the S^D but not in the presence of the S Delta |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for behavior to have different frequencies in different situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The tendency for the effects of training in one situation to spread to other situations |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| gradually increasing the number of times a behavior must be performed to qualify for reinforcement. May produce ratio strain if done incorrectly. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The idea that if a behavior problem is solved without resolving the psychological conflicts that are presumed to have produced it, another behavior problem will takes its place |
|
|
Term
| Systematic Desensitization |
|
Definition
| a form of desensitization training in which the client repeatedly imagines anxiety arousing situations while relaxed. The client progresses systematically through a hierarchy of more and more disturbing situations, typically without ever experiencing great anxiety. |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The behavior to be changed by an intervention |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| The procedure of reducing the frequency of a target behavior by making removal of a person from a reinforcing situation contingent on the target behavior |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A form of contingency contract, usually involving a group of people, in which the reinforcers are tokens that may be exchanged for other backup reinforcers in the future |
|
|
Term
| Variable duration schedule |
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided after a target behavior has been performed continuously for a period, with the period varying around an average of n length |
|
|
Term
| Variable interval schedule |
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided the first time the target behavior occurs after an interval, with the interval varying around an average of n seconds or minutes |
|
|
Term
|
Definition
| A reinforcement schedule in which a reinforcer is provided after a target behavior has occurred a number of times with the number varying around an average of n. |
|
|
