Shared Flashcard Set

Details

Challenge Bowl Chapter 11: Abdomen
Ch 11: Abdomen (Bates)
148
Biology
Graduate
11/29/2010

Additional Biology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
What organs are you concerned about in the RUQ?
Definition
liver, gall bladder, duodenum, ascending colon, right kidney, pancreas (head)
Term
What organs are you concerned about in the RLQ?
Definition
large intestine, cecum, appendix, right ovary, Meckel’s diverticulum
Term
What organs are you concerned about in the LUQ?
Definition
spleen, stomach, pancreas, left kidney, sigmoid colon
Term
What organs are you concerned about in the LLQ?
Definition
descending colon
Term
What organ(s) are you concerned about in the suprapubic region?
Definition
bladder, rectum
Term
What is the angle formed by the lower border of the 12th rib and the transverse processes of the upper lumbar vertebrae?
Definition
costovertebral angle
Term
What muscle accommodates increased bladder pressure?
Definition
dextrusor muscle
Term
Epigastric pain be a sign of a problem with what organ?
Definition
duodenum, stomach, pancreas, biliary tree, liver
Term
Periumbilical pain can be a sign of a problem with what organ?
Definition
small intestine, appendix, proximal colon
Term
Sacral pain can be a sign of a problem with what organ?
Definition
rectum
Term
Hypogastric pain can be a sign of a problem with what organ?
Definition
colon, bladder, uterus
Term
What type of pain is difficult to localize, varies in quality, and may be gnawing, burning, cramping, or aching?
Definition
visceral pain
Term
What type of pain is described as a steady, aching pain and is more precisely localized over the involved structure?
Definition
peritoneal pain
Term
What type of pain is felt in distant sites, which are innervated at approximately the same spinal levels as the disordered structures?
Definition
referred pain
Term
Pain from the biliary tree can be referred to what what locations?
Definition
right shoulder, right posterior chest
Term
Pain of duodenal or pancreatic origin may be referred to what location?
Definition
the back
Term
Pain from pleurisy or acute MI may be referred to what location?
Definition
epigastric area
Term
What type of condition is commonly indicated by visceral periumbilical pain that gradually changes to parietal pain in the right lower quadrant?
Definition
appendicitis
Term
Doubling over with cramping colicky pain is indicative of what condition?
Definition
renal stones, biliary colic
Term
Sudden knife-like epigastric pain is indicative of what condition?
Definition
gallstone pancreatitis
Term
What term is used to describe chronic or recurrent discomfort or pain centered in the upper abdomen?
Definition
dyspepsia
Term
What term is used to describe a subjective negative feeling that is non-painful?
Definition
discomfort
Term
What term is used to describe a 3-month Hx of nonspecific upper abdominal discomfort or nausea not attributable to structural abnormalities or PUD?
Definition
functional, or non-ulcer, dyspepsia
Term
What are some causes of bloating?
Definition
IBD, belching from aerophagia
Term
If a patient reports chronic upper abdominal discomfort or pain primarily of heartburn, acid reflux, or regurgitation more than once a week, what is likely the Dx?
Definition
gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)
Term
What term describes a rising retrosternal burning pain or discomfort occurring weekly or more often?
Definition
heartburn
Term
Patients with GERD sometimes present with atypical respiratory symptoms such as cough, wheezing, and aspiration PA. T or F?
Definition
True
Term
List some “alarm symptoms” of gastric cancer.
Definition
dysphagia, odynophagia, recurrent vomiting, evidence of GI bleeding, weight loss, anemia
Term
Name the condition that describes the proximal displacement of the squamo-columnar junction which replaced by intestinal metaplasia?
Definition
Barrett’s esophagus
Term
Name some conditions that would cause RLQ pain in a female.
Definition
PID, ruptured ovarian follicle, ectopic pregnancy
Term
LLQ pain with a palpable mass may be indicative of what condition?
Definition
diverticulitis
Term
Diffuse abdominal pain with absent bowel sounds and firmness, guarding, or rebound on palpation is indicative of what condition?
Definition
small or large bowel obstruction
Term
Intermittent pain for 12 weeks of the preceding 12 months with relief from defecation, change in frequency of bowel movements, or change in form of stool (loose watery, pellet-like) without structural or biochemical abnormalities are symptoms of what condition?
Definition
IBS
Term
What term describes involuntary spasm of the stomach, diaphragm, and esophagus that precedes vomiting?
Definition
retching
Term
What term describes the forceful expulsion of gastric contents out of the mouth?
Definition
vomiting (emesis)
Term
What conditions are associated with induced vomiting without nausea?
Definition
anorexia/bulimia
Term
What term describes the raising of esophageal or gastric contents without nausea or retching?
Definition
regurgitation
Term
In what conditions does regurgitation occur?
Definition
GERD, esophageal stricture, esophageal cancer
Term
Vomit that has a fecal odor occurs in what conditions?
Definition
small bowel obstruction, gastrocolic fistula
Term
What conditions cause hematemesis?
Definition
esophageal or gastric varices, gastritis, PUD
Term
What term describes “coffee ground” vomit?
Definition
hematemesis
Term
Symptoms of blood loss such as lightheadedness or syncope are rare until blood loss exceeds how many milliliters?
Definition
500 mL
Term
What term describes a loss or lack of appetite?
Definition
anorexia
Term
Name some conditions associated with abdominal fullness and early satiety.
Definition
diabetic gastroparesis, anticholinergic medications, gastric outlet obstruction, gastric cancer, hepatitis
Term
Gurgling or regurgitation of undigested food occur in what type of structural condition?
Definition
Zenker’s diverticulum
Term
Name some causes of excessive flatus.
Definition
aerophagia, legumes or other gas-producing foods, intestinal lactase deficiency, IBS
Term
What is the time frame for acute diarrhea?
Definition
Lasts 2 weeks or less
Term
What is the time frame for chronic diarrhea?
Definition
Lasts 4 weeks or more
Term
What generally is the cause of acute diarrhea?
Definition
infection
Term
What generally is the cause of chronic diarrhea?
Definition
Crohn’s disease, Ulcerative colitis
Term
High-volume, frequent watery stools are usually from what part of the GI tract?
Definition
small intestine
Term
Small-volume stools with tenesmus or diarrhea with mucus, pus, or blood usually occur in inflammatory conditions of what part of the GI tract?
Definition
rectum
Term
Steatorrhea is seen in what conditions?
Definition
celiac sprue, pancreatic insufficiency, small bowel bacterial overgrowth
Term
Obstipation is a sign of what type of obstruction?
Definition
intestinal obstruction
Term
What term describes red or maroon-colored stools?
Definition
hematochezia
Term
What medication classes commonly cause constipation?
Definition
anticholinergic agents, calcium-channel blockers, iron supplements, opiates
Term
What diseases or conditions commonly cause constipation?
Definition
diabetes, hypothyroidism, hypercalcemia, multiple sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, systemic sclerosis
Term
Melena can occur with as little as how many milliliters of upper GI bleeding?
Definition
100 mL
Term
Hematochezia most often occurs with what amount of lower GI bleeding?
Definition
1000 mL
Term
Blood on the toilet paper is most commonly indicative of what condition?
Definition
hemorrhoids
Term
Jaundice and icterus are signs of the dysfunction of what organ systems?
Definition
hepatic and/or biliary dysfunction
Term
Jaundice and icterus can be a sign of what hematologic conditions?
Definition
sickle cell anemia, hemolytic anemia
Term
If a person's skin appears jaundiced but their sclera does not appear icteric, what condition might you suspect?
Definition
carotenemia
Term
Diarrhea is common with what general classes of medications?
Definition
penicillins, macrolides, magnesium-based anti-acids, metformin, herbal and alternative medicines
Term
When the liver is functioning properly, what type of bilirubin is produced?
Definition
conjugated bilirubin
Term
Acholic stools are commonly due to a problem with what organ systems?
Definition
liver and/or biliary tract
Term
Name some risk factors for Hepatitis A.
Definition
Travel or meals in areas of poor sanitation, ingestion of contaminated water or foodstuffs
Term
Name some risk factors for Hepatitis B.
Definition
parenteral or mucous membrane exposure to infectious body fluids such as blood, serum, semen, or saliva, especially through sexual contact with an infected partner or use of shared needles for IVDU
Term
Name some risk factors for Hepatitis C.
Definition
IVDU or blood transfusion
Term
If a female pt has a CC of losing urine during sneezing, coughing, or laughing, what is likely the Dx?
Definition
stress incontinence
Term
Complaints of changes in the force or stream of urination, dribbling, hesitation, or straining in a male patient are suggestive of what Dx?
Definition
BPH
Term
Suprapubic pain is most commonly indicative of a problem with what organ?
Definition
bladder
Term
Prostatic pain is most often felt in what area?
Definition
perineal area or occasionally the rectum
Term
What term describes an unusually intense and immediate desire to void?
Definition
urgency
Term
What term describes abnormally frequent voiding?
Definition
frequency
Term
In men, painful urination without frequency or urgency is most suggestive of what condition?
Definition
urethritis
Term
What term describes a significant increase in the 24-hour urine volume, roughly defined as exceeding 3 liters?
Definition
polyuria
Term
What term refers to urinary frequency at night, sometimes described as awakening the patient more than once?
Definition
nocturia
Term
What term refers to involuntary loss of urine?
Definition
urinary incontinence
Term
Kidney pain, fever, and chills suggest what Dx?
Definition
acute pyelonephritis
Term
What is the term for a collateral pathway of recanalized umbilical veins radiating up the abdomen that decompresses portal vein HTN?
Definition
caput medusa
Term
What physical findings are suggestive of alcohol abuse?
Definition
hepatosplenomegaly, ascites, caput medusa, spider angiomas, palmar erythema, peripheral edema
Term
Name a screening tool for alcohol abuse.
Definition
CAGE questionnaire, the Alcohol Use Disorders Identification Test (AUDIT), or the screening question about heavy drinking days (“How many times in the past year have you had 4 or more drinks a day (women) or 5 or more drinks a day (men)?)
Term
How is Hepatitis A transmitted?
Definition
fecal-oral
Term
Chronic infection is most common in which type of hepatitis?
Definition
Hepatitis C
Term
For a person with average risk, at what age should colorectal screening begin?
Definition
50 yo
Term
Name some high risk factors for colorectal cancer.
Definition
family Hx of familial adenomatous polyposis, FHx of hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer, Hx of IBD (chronic UC, Crohn’s disease).
Term
Pink-purple vertical striae on the abdomen are classically associated with what condition?
Definition
Cushing’s syndrome
Term
What term describes prolonged gurgles of hyperperistalsis?
Definition
borborygmi
Term
In what rare condition would you expect liver dullness on the left and an air bubble on the right?
Definition
in situs inversus
Term
Rebound tenderness is generally indicative of what condition?
Definition
peritoneal inflammation
Term
Bilateral enlargement of the kidneys is suggestive of what condition?
Definition
polycystic kidney disease
Term
List some risk factor for abdominal aortic aneurysm.
Definition
age 65 yo or older, Hx of smoking, male gender, first-degree relative with Hx of AAA repair
Term
Name two physical exam tests used to test for ascites.
Definition
Test for shifting dullness, Test for fluid wave
Term
A positive Rovsing’s sign is indicative of what condition?
Definition
appendicitis
Term
A positive Murphy’s sign is indicative of what condition?
Definition
cholecystitis
Term
Infection with what organism is associated with PUD?
Definition
H. pylori
Term
Weight loss is more common in a gastric or duodenal ulcer?
Definition
gastric ulcer
Term
Heartburn is more common in a gastric or duodenal ulcer?
Definition
duodenal ulcer
Term
What age group is duodenal ulcer common in?
Definition
30-60 yo
Term
What age group is gastric ulcer common in?
Definition
> 50 yo
Term
What is the predominate type (histologically-speaking) of stomach cancer?
Definition
adenocarcinoma (90-95%)
Term
Epigastric pain that radiates to the back that is relieved by leaning forward with the trunk flexed is indicative of inflammation of what organ?
Definition
pancreas
Term
What is the (histologically-speaking) predominate type of pancreatic cancer?
Definition
adenocarcinoma
Term
Left lower quadrant pain is most common associated with what condition?
Definition
diverticulitis
Term
What are the most common causes of acute mechanical intestinal obstruction?
Definition
adhesions or hernias (small bowel), cancer, diverticulitis (colon)
Term
Right upper quadrant or upper abdominal quadrant pain that may radiate to the right scapular area that is aggravated by jarring or deep breathing is most likely indicative of what condition?
Definition
acute cholecystitis
Term
Blood supply to the bowel and mesentery blocked from thrombosis or embolus or reduced from hypoperfusion is descriptive of what condition?
Definition
mesenteric ischemia
Term
What type of disorder associated with dysphagia is sometimes relieved with nitroglycerin?
Definition
diffuse esophageal spasm
Term
Change in the frequency or form of bowel movements without structure or chemical abnormal is indicative of what condition?
Definition
IBS
Term
Inflammation of the mucosa and submucosa of the rectum and colon with ulceration that typically extends proximally from the rectum is characteristic of what condition?
Definition
Ulcerative colitis
Term
Chronic transmural inflammation of the bowel wall, in a skip pattern typically involving the terminal ileum and/or proximal colon is indicative of what condition?
Definition
Crohn’s disease
Term
What condition causes watery diarrhea of large volume following the ingestion of milk and milk products?
Definition
lactose intolerance
Term
A pt who has a PMHx of bulimia nervosa who has variable onset of watery diarrhea of large volume; what type of condition do you suspect?
Definition
Abuse of osmotic purgatives (laxatives)
Term
A pt who has a recent SHx of bowel resection comes to your office complaining of stools that are light gray and on examination, you notice glossitis. What condition do you suspect?
Definition
Malabsorption syndrome
Term
A pt comes into your office complaining of black stools for one day; she went to a bachelorette party two nights ago, had “far too many shots” and spent most of that night vomiting and retching. What condition do you suspect?
Definition
Mallory-Weiss tear
Term
A man comes into your office stating that he recently noticed blood on the toilet paper after a bowel movement; denies any pain. What Dx is most likely?
Definition
hemorrhoids
Term
A 30 year old woman comes into your office complaining of pink urine and reddish stools; she denies any past medical Hx but states she is a strict vegetarian. What do you suspect?
Definition
ingestion of beets
Term
A 45 year old man who has a past PHx of alcoholism and who has been diagnosed with cirrhosis comes into your office complaining of black, tarry stools for the past week; what Dx is most likely?
Definition
esophageal or gastric varices
Term
On an XR with barium swallow, you see a classic “bird’s beak” sign; what Dx is most likely?
Definition
achalasia
Term
On an XR with barium swallow, you see a “nutcracker” esophagus; what Dx is most likely?
Definition
diffuse esophageal spasm
Term
Complaints of black, non-sticky stools in a pt with no PMHx with a negative FOBT are suggestive of what?
Definition
ingestion of iron, bismuth salts such as Pepto-Bismol, licorice, or even commercial chocolate
Term
You see an “apple core lesion” in the colon on an KUB XR; what Dx is most likely?
Definition
colon cancer
Term
Polyuria, thirst, and nocturia with low levels of ADH are most commonly associated with what disorder?
Definition
Diabetes insipidus
Term
A female pt who is gravida 3 para 3 who complains of losing small amounts of urine when she laughs or coughs very hard. What Dx is most likely?
Definition
stress incontinence
Term
A 45 yo pt with a PHx of DM Type 2 complains that whenever she voids, it doesn’t feel as though she is completely emptying her bladder as she often needs to void again. A distended bladder is palpated upon exam. What Dx is most likely?
Definition
overflow incontinence
Term
A parent brings in her 6 month old female infant worried about her belly button which is protruding. What Dx is most likely?
Definition
umbilical hernia
Term
A patient who had abdominal surgery two months ago comes into the office complaining of a painless, bulge underneath the surgical scar. What Dx is most likely?
Definition
incisional hernia
Term
What term is characterized by a small midline protrusion thorough a defect in the linea alba that occurs between the xiphoid process and the umbilicus?
Definition
epigastric hernia
Term
What term describes benign, fatty tumors usually in the subcutaneous tissues almost anywhere in the body that are usually soft and often lobulated?
Definition
lipoma
Term
During an abdominal exam, you ask your pt to do a crunch and notice a protrusion whenever they curl up. What is most likely the Dx?
Definition
diastasis recti
Term
What is the most common cause of a protuberant stomach?
Definition
fat (adipose)
Term
What term describes an apron of fatty tissue on the abdomen that often extends below the inguinal ligaments?
Definition
pannus
Term
What is a common cause of a pelvic mass in a female?
Definition
pregnancy
Term
During the abdominal exam, you have the pt lay on their side and you percuss and hear tympany higher up and dullness at the bottom. You also notice bulging flanks when the pts sits up. What do you suspect?
Definition
ascites
Term
What is a common cause of abdominal distention and tympany upon percussion post-surgically?
Definition
adynamic (paralytic) ileus
Term
In what conditions do you expect bowel sounds to be increased?
Definition
diarrhea or early intestinal obstruction
Term
In what conditions do you expect bowel sounds to be decreased and then absent?
Definition
adynamic ileus and peritonitis
Term
High pitched tinkling bowel sounds coinciding with an abdominal cramp are indicative of what condition?
Definition
intestinal obstruction
Term
A hepatic bruit can be indicative of what conditions?
Definition
carcinoma of the liver or alcoholic hepatitis
Term
A soft humming noise with both systolic and diastolic components is heard in the epigastric and umbilical area. What is the term for this rare noise?
Definition
venous hum
Term
A pt comes in complaining of chest pain whenever she breathes in along with upper abdominal pain and tenderness. You hear a friction rub on exam. What is most likely the Dx?
Definition
acute pleurisy
Term
A 30 year female comes into the office complaining of dyspareunia. On exam, you note tenderness maximally just above the inguinal ligaments bilaterally and a positive chandelier sign on gynecological exam. What is most likely causing the abdominal tenderness?
Definition
acute salpingitis
Term
Tenderness at McBurney’s point is most commonly indicative of what Dx?
Definition
appendicitis
Term
Upon physical exam, you palpate the liver and find that is hard and small. What Dx is most likely?
Definition
cirrhosis
Term
An enlarged liver that is firm or hard and has an irregular edge or surface is suggestive of what condition?
Definition
malignancy
Term
What is the term that describes a normal variation in the right lobe of the liver that is easily palpable as it projects toward the iliac crest that is often found in lanky people?
Definition
Riedel’s lobe
Term
An enlarged liver with a smooth, tender edge is suggestive of what type of condition?
Definition
an inflammatory condition such as hepatitis or venous congestion such right-sided heart failure
Supporting users have an ad free experience!