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Chalcolithic-Late Bronze Age
Test two
120
Archaeology
Undergraduate 3
04/06/2009

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Term
Ghassulian Culture
Definition
Type site
chalcolithic
densely populated
Term
Wadi (arabic) Nahul (Hebrew)
Definition
Dry river bed
Term
Golan Culture
Definition
broad houses
chalcolithic
particular- House Gods (long nose, ears like poles, no mouth and strange eyes)
Term
Basalt Stone Vessel Industry
Definition
Very Fine etchings
sat on a fenestration-pedestal bowl
Golan culture
Term
Troglodytes
Definition
People who lived underground
bir matar, bir safadi
Beer Sheva Culture
Term
Venus of Beer Sheva
Definition
holds in stomach, nipples for pubic hair
Beer sheva
chalcolithic
Term
Woman with churn
Definition
Gilat
appears crying- naked- emphasis on female genitals
chalcolithic
Term
Ram carrying cornets
Definition
male counterpart to woman with churn
chalcolithic
Term
Ossuary
Definition
bone box
chalcolithic
found along costs
made of ceramic- secondary buriel
Term
stone ossuaries
Definition
ben shemen
2 large stone ossuaries with multiple buriels
Term
Cave of treasure
Definition
nahal mishmar
over 465 artifacts
lost wax technique recovered here
Term
Chalcolithic temple
Definition
where treasure of mishmar thought to have come from
perhaps moved for safe keeping
ein gedi
chalcolithic
Term
Early Bronze Age
Definition
Ebla
Egypt : lower (north) upper (south)
archaic period, old kingdom
Term
Archaic period
old kingdom
Definition
dynasties 1,2
dynasties 3-6
Term
EBI names
Definition
Late chalcolithic period
proto-urban period
Term
Changes in EBI
Definition
emphasis on agriculture
wine and figs cultivated
curvilinear architecture
Term
EBI buriels
Definition
Shaft tomb-phase 1
charnel houses- phase 2
nawamis
Term
Pottery of EBI
Definition
gray burnished ware
red burnished ware
line-painted pottery
teapots- Mesopotamian influence
omphalos bowls
Term
Most important site of EBI and why
Definition
Tel erani
found Sherd w/ Serekh of Narmar (first pharoh)
Term
Narmer's cosmetic palette
Definition
considered earliest document ever
Term
kites
Definition
rushes animals into hole to capture (herding animals into a trap)
Term
EBII-III
Definition
first great period of Urbanization
Main sites : Arad, Bab edh Dhra, Numeira
Term
Sheikh Muhsein
Definition
mining of Turquoise
sekhemhet wall relief- wadi magharah
Term
Connections with Sinai EBII-III
Definition
trading occurred, copper industry set up with small cities from Sinai all through palestine to arad
Term
Yarmuth, glacis
Definition
architecture from EBII-III
Yarmuth- giant wall fortification
Glacis- bottom of fortificatoin walls- sloping ramp
Term
Arad importance
Definition
nothing built on top of site
arad house=broad house
Term
Arad House
Definition
broad house
raised roofs to capture water
entrance uses timbers like ossuary structures
Term
Temples found at megiddo
Definition
Big sacrificial alter
believed in Triad - 1 male/wife/son
Term
Granery at Bei Yerah
Definition
house of moon god
9 silos of grain
Term
Ein Ziq Dwellings
Definition
round with single chamber and organized in clusters
Term
Urban sites in Jordan
Definition
retained EBIII culture/traditions more than any other sites
Term
Large handles hallmark of what era
Definition
EB jars often had large handles
Term
Metallic ware
Definition
ceramic
named for the sound it makes when flicked
Term
Khirbet kerak ware
Definition
EBIII
highly burnished
red base with red spilling over
narrow bases, molded decorations
Term
Kfar Monash Hoard
Definition
biggest collection of metal objects found
mostly arrowheads, spears, chisels etc
found in field with no stratigraphy
Term
Epsilon shaped axe
Definition
found in Kfar Monash hoard
peg at center so axe doesnt get stuck in body
Term
The living and Dying god
Definition
arad
EBII-III
similar to sumerian Dumuzi God
Term
Cylinder Seal impressions
Definition
first time an object from a diff. culture is used for something besides its original purpose
from mesopotamia
Term
EB II-III buriels
Definition
Bab ed drah- charnel buriel houses serve as multiple buriels
Term
Collapse of EBII-III
Definition
Egyptian attacks-uni's attack at the antelopes nose
Amorites
Environment considerations
overpopulation
combination of the above
Term
Connections to the bible in EBII-III
Definition
Ebla- reference to 5 cities of plains
Sodom
Gomorrah
Admeah
Zebolah
Term
Etological explanation of EBII-III
Definition
"rephaim" (giants) may be explained by a reaction to huge walls
Like the greek Cyclopean walls
Term
Beer Resisism
Definition
Negev- pop estimated at 75
EBIV/MBI
Term
Har Tsuyad architechture
Definition
small rounded structures
Term
transhumance
Definition
move from high to low based on time of year with flocks
Term
Buriel customs of EBIV/MBI
Definition
megalithic dolmens (big stone)- buriel cysts made with big stones
shaft tombs can be vast
tumuli placed among houses
Term
tumulus (tumuli)
Definition
stone structures used for temp buriel until moved found around houses
Term
Eye axes
Definition
common in EBIV/MBI
Term
Beni Hassan
Definition
seminite nomads arrive in Egypt
Metal smiths carrying bellas
Term
Ain Samiya Goblet
Definition
single most important find of time period
EBIV/MBI
size of shot glass
goblet describes figures from Enuma Elish story
Term
Ain Samiya Goblet
Definition
single most important find of time period
EBIV/MBI
size of shot glass
goblet describes figures from Enuma Elish story
Term
Most important find of EBIV/MBI
Definition
Ain Samiya Goblet
Term
Antelopes Nose
Definition
Geographic reference to Uni's record- bay of hypha
Term
Tiamat, Apsu, Mummu, Ea, Marduk
are all from what?
Definition
Elish Enuma
marduk is hero
Term
Northern Pottery group
Definition
EBIV/MBI
folded form known as "envelope shaped" tend to be globular
squat globular jars with pinched mouth
Term
Transjordanian pottery group
Definition
EBIV/MBI
sedentary sites east of dead sea
shapes and decor close to EBIII traditions
burnished red slip
Term
Southern pottery group
Definition
EBIV/MBI
light buff clay lack red slip or painted decor
flat bowls, amphoriskoi, teapots
Term
possible main groups of people from EBIV/MBI
Definition
Amurru (sumerian) = amorites
West Semitic
Hebrew Patriarchs
"torque-bearers"
Autochthonous pastoral nomads
Term
MBIIA
Definition
equivalent to Egypts 12th dynasty
coastal settlements
Canaanites origin of culture
Term
Gates of MBIIA
Definition
Acre, Megiddo
both different in style so not uniform yet
Term
Source of tin MBIIA
Definition
Mari texts say Canaanites traded for tin in Mari and tin probably originated from east (Afghanistan)
Term
Duck Billed Axe
Definition
MBIIA
can cut through armor
has similar peg from epsilon axe
Term
Egypt in MBII B-C
Definition
low point, Canaanites conquer part of Egypt
Hyksos rule
Term
Hyksos
Definition
foreign rulers
MBIIB-C
rule from Avaris as capital in Egypt
Term
Hurrians
Definition
Mitanni was the land of the Hurrian peoples
Term
Largest/most important site of MBIIB-C
Definition
Hazor- shows first concept of lower/upper city in Egypt
Term
free standing ramparts
Definition
MBIIB-C
Term
Glacis
Definition
bottom of fortification walls- sloping ramp
Term
Terre Pissee
Definition
pressed down earth (layers/levels forms of early engineering)
Term
Tel Gerisa
Definition
Bricks covering glacis
shapes of tel were mostly result of fortification
Term
City Gates
Definition
MBIIB-C
uniform plan/style now appears
more rectangular gates
Term
Arched Gates
Definition
2 sites invented archway Tel Dan, Tel Ashkelon
Term
Cultic center at Gezer
Definition
large open cultic center at Gezer
MBIIB-C
Term
Pottery of MBIIB-C
Definition
carinated (has angles) and shapes resemble metallic shapes
Term
Tel El Yehudiah Ware
Definition
MBIIB-C
stamped holes into pottery when wet, then smashed lime into it to have little white dots for decor
Term
Bi Chromeware
Definition
two colored
red and black
MBIIB-C
Term
New axes of MBIIB-C
Definition
very narrow now
Term
Metal Figurines
Definition
MBIIB-C
appear now instead of clay/ceramic
Term
Sheet gold figurines
Definition
MBIIB-C
female figurines on hammered gold to make sheet gold figurines found at Gezer
Term
Price of slaves MBIIB-C
Definition
done in silver
does not greatly vary with time during this period
Term
Writing in MBIIB-C
Definition
Akkadian and Proto-Canaanite
Term
Merneptah Stele (Israel Stele)
Definition
campaign of canaanites- mention conquest of cities and mentions Israel by name- first and ONLY time "Israel" (as name of tribe) appears in Egyptian sources
Term
Gezer artificial slope
Definition
MBIIB-C
created artificial slope from debris, limestone, and layers of chalk chips
Term
Hittites Vs Ramses
Definition
Battle of Kadesh
LBA
Term
Amenhotep III
Definition
expels Hyskos- creates new Cultic religion with the center being Amun-Ra, the sun was Aten a minor facto to Amun-ra
polytheism
Term
Amenhotep IV
Definition
disputes with priests of Amun-Ra so he tried to change Egypt to a monotheistic God- aten the universal diety that was once the solar disc (sun) god a minor god to Amun-Ra
Term
treaties and covenants
Definition
see appearance of these in MBIIB-C
clear patterns arise beginning, middle, end
some have intros with information on the ruler, his accomplishments etc
Term
Habiru & Shasu
Definition
LBA
Shasu-egyptian term- semi nomadic
Invaders
Term
Ramses Son
Definition
Merneptaph
LBA
Term
Deterioroation of Canaanite Culture
Definition
egyptian competition
invasions
other rivalries
Term
Ugarit
Definition
Highly literate group
LBA
considered most important part of Canaanite culture
Language was a canaanite dialect
some scrips written in Ugarit and akkadian
Term
settlement pattern of LBA
Definition
lacked fortifications
hill country (sumerian)
Term
Fortifications of LBA
Definition
Most sites contain no (or no newly built) fortifications
megiddo has gate but lacks defensive wall
Term
Temples of LBA
Definition
Fosse Temple, Lachish- Best example of temples
many ivories found**
3 temples built on eachother
Term
Pottery and international trade of LBA
Definition
Distinctive Red/Black (bi chromeware)
many influences on pottery showing Canaanite and cyprusian
Term
LBA Art
Definition
carved ivories
Megiddo ivories (over 300)
lachish ivories
Common artistic medium but no traditional style
ivory plaque, megiddo
Term
Metallurgy of LBA
Definition
Copper mining at Timma
sickle sword
daggers cast with hilt
Term
Timma
Definition
mining in the LBA
Egyptian temple found there, with inscription of Ramses III
Term
Writing systems of LBA
Definition
canaanites use alphabet
Ugaritic-unique to ugarit, 24 signs written on tablets
Proto Canaanite- Canaan proper- one variation of alphabet
Proto Sinaitic- found in Sinai- Egyptians worked with Canaanites
Term
Buriel Customs of LBA
Definition
built tomb w/ corbelled reef roofs
Anthropoid coffins- egyptian
couple buriels appear
Term
Buriel Customs of LBA
Definition
built tomb w/ corbelled reef roofs
Anthropoid coffins- egyptian
couple burials appear
Term
Battle of Megiddo
Definition
LBA
took 7 mos to break into city
Term
Thutmose III's list
Definition
largest list of geographical history found at temple of Amun at Karnak
Term
Tell El Amarna
Definition
LBA
Arman letters- written in Arcadamn (lingua franca)
egyptian rule in Akhenaton
Term
Uluburun shipwreck
Definition
Uluburun means Great Cape
oldest shipwreck
mostly raw materials
Term
Ox Hide Ingot
Definition
LBA
(head of an ox like -paintd on with orangish color) doesn't really resemble ox
uluburun
Term
Bun ingots, tin ingots, glass ingots
Definition
Uluburun
LBA
Earliest datable Tin ingots in world
bun ingots shaped as pillow ingots as well
glass ingots show early trade of glass as a raw material
Term
Amhora
Definition
used to transport wine
Large jug
uluburun
Term
Pan-balance weights
Definition
Uluburun
Canaanite- personal object, so could mean ship was canaanite merchant
Term
Thorny Burnet dunnage
Definition
plant used to pad cargo to protct it during voyage (like packing peanuts protect goods)
uluburun
Term
Canaanite jars
Definition
Uluburun
two handles, with narrow bottom
suggest also canaanite trading ship
Term
Blackwood
Definition
egyptian ebony
ties egypt into maritime trade
Uluburun
Term
Cypriot pottery pithos
Definition
large storage jars
Uluburun
Term
pistacia (terbinth) resin
Definition
pistachio tree resin- sometimes used for healing, or used to make turpentine
Uluburun
Term
Faience drinking cups rhyton
Definition
decorated drinking cups often with shape of goats/rams head as design-rhyton is greek for drinking cup
Uluburun
Term
Gold Neferetiti Scarab
Definition
Uluburun
shows Egyptian connections in trade
scarab means dung beetle-often symbol for rebirth
Term
Domed and Sphendonoid weights
Definition
syro-canaanite origins
Uluburun
Term
Skeleton based construction
Definition
laid outline of ship first like a skeleton of wood or like a frame
uluburun
Term
shell based ship construction
Definition
uluburun
made outside f ship first (completely filled wood,) then added frame inside of shell to reinforce the shell
Term
Mortise and tenon joinery
Definition
pegs and nail like objects to hold pieces of ship together
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