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Chalcolithic / EB 1,2 & 3/ MBA/ Near Eastern Archaeology.
N/A
47
Archaeology
Undergraduate 2
02/08/2010

Additional Archaeology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Chalcollithic Period
Definition
4500-3200 BCE
Term
Teleilat-el-Ghassul
Definition
  • Largest Chalcolithic site
  • 5 km N.E. of Dead Sea
  • Houses & equipment
  • Had the earliest dates & olives
  • Flint
  • Pottery
  • Wall paintings
  • Figurines
Term
Be'er Safadi
Definition
  • Artificial underground dwellings
  • Chambers in groups, 5-7 rooms
  • Had fireplaces,basins& bell shaped silos
  • Lasted 3 phases
  • Then rectangular surface stuctures appear
Term
Shiqmim
Definition
  • One of the largest Cemetary sites
  • Had a mortuary center
  • 4 building phases
  • distinction between small houses &larger buildings
  • copper working furnace
  • interconnected subterannean tunnels & rooms
  • terrace with 2 open air semi-circular altars
  • open air 'rectilinear' architecture
  • 70% destroyed by fire
  • abandoned
Term
Nahal Mishmar
Definition
  • Cave 1 unusual residence
  • 2 meter thik occupation level
  • 429 vessels wrapped in straw & buried in cave
Term
En-Gedi
Definition
  • Temple
  • Stone enclosure wall w/ two entances
  • courtyard with 3 meter circular structure
  • main building is a 'broadhouse',20 meters long
  • has a rounded niche opposite door
  • found in 1956
  • smaller building has plastered floors
Term
The Golan
Definition
  • basalt pillar figures
  • rectangular buildings w/ shared walls
  • small courtyards & roadways
  • northern expression of Gassulian Culture??
  • distictive pottery
Term
Collapse of Chalcolithic
Definition
  • cannot be attributed to a single factor
  • relates to a number of variables which worked together
  • climactic factors
  • socio-political organization
  • commercialization
  • warfare
Term
Early Bronze Age
Definition
  • 3300-2300 BCE
  • had 3 phases
  • Egyptian & Mesopotamian impacts
Term
Early Bronze 1
Definition
  • 3300-3050 BCE
  • sites are modest & un-fortified
  • locations shifted from Chalcolithic
  • great variety of house structures & temples
Term
EB-1 Houses
Definition
  • oval
  • round
  • curvilinear
Term
EB-1 Public Architecture
Definition
  • Only Temples
Term
EB-1 Pottery
Definition
  • traditions vary regionally
  • 'Holemouth' jar continues as main cooking pot
  • Platters appear
  • Pithoi contiue
  • Appearance of 'Ledge-handled jars
  • Appearance of 'Teapots'
  • Funerary vessles, small bowls, amphoriskoi, bottles, cups with high-loop handles
Term
EB-1 Artifacts
Definition
  • Copper axes & tanged daggers
  • Canaanean Sickle Blade
  • Cylinder Seals & impressions
  • Serekh of Narmer
  • Cylinder seals were crafted with the 'Lost Wax Method'.
Term
EB-1 Burials
Definition
  • Multiple burials most common in caves
  • Lots of grave goods, pottery, jewelry, stone vessels
  • Had Shaft tombs & Mudbrick Circular tombs
Term
EB-1 Industry
Definition
  • Agriculture
  • New crops, grapes & figs
  • Sheep & goat herding
Term
End of EB-1
Definition
  • Un-walled sites became walled & more compact
Term
EB-2 & 3
Definition
  • EB-2 3050-2700 BCE
  • EB-3 2700-2300 BCE
  • Intensive urbanization
  • Definite settlement patterns
  • Clear city planning
Term
Tel-el Arad
Definition
  • located in Negev Desert
  • built on Eocene Limestone
  • Had city walls & towers
  • Had a marketplace, palace & reservior
  • Sacred place with small twin temples & large twin temples
  • No cemetary found
  • Abandoned ~2650
  • Remained unoccupied
Term
Tel Yarmuth
Definition
  • Located in Central Shephelah
  • site covers 40 acres
  • Wall A in EB-2,4 meters high & 5-6 meters thick
  • wall has towers & buttresses
  • stone glacis added
  • Wall B, built 20-30 meters in front of wall A
  • Cyclopean Stones 2 1/2 meters long & 3-3.6 meters thick
  • Wall B, 7 meters in height
  • Now 40 meters thick
  • Monumental platforms added in EB-3
Term

Tel-Yarmuth Domestic Housing

Area G

Definition
  • Insula of small houses
  • 1-2 small rooms w/ courtyard along a street
  • Main room 8x5 x 2meters
  • Domestic installations include pithoi, mortars & a jar, sunk to its neck
Term

Tel-Yarmuth White Building

Area C

Definition
  • Small temple?
  • EB-3 addition to city
  • Broad room pillar structure
  • Walls & floors covered in plaster
  • Opens at south to a courtyard with 2 adjacent rooms
  • One room has a raised stone platform
  • Was built over twice in EB-3B
Term

Tel-Yarmuth Palace B

Area G

Definition
  • Largest EB-3 complex in the Levant
  • Covers 6000 meters
  • Has a 2 meter thick wall with square inner buttresses
  • Monumental entrance with hypostle hall
  • Had side benches & a second story
  • Entered into main courtyard or a built up ares\a of more than 40 rooms & corridors
  • Had inner store rooms filled with 2-3 rows of pithoi, totalling over 100.
  • Possible redistribution center?
Term

Tel-Yarmuth Trade & Industry

Area H

 

Definition
  • Installations of grinders, mortars, paved areas & stone vats.
  • Specializations included
  • Olive oil production
  • Animal breeding, shhep, goats, cattle.
  • Artifacts point to trade with the Southern Levant & Egypt
Term
Tel-Yarmuth Pottery
Definition
  • Spouted basins with ledge handles used in oil production
  • Pithoi
  • Jugs & juglets
  • 'Twin Jugs' possibly used in oil production
  • Carinated (ridged) platters w/ red burnished slip
  • Unique large platter with 4 legs from Plalce B
  • Terra cotta figurines, animal & human
Term
Tel-Yarmuth Ends
Definition
  • Abandoned at the end of EB-3
  • Urban Culture disappears ~2300 BCE
  • Many possible factors include:
  • It got to big to withstand ecocomic/social/political crises
  • Drought
  • A lost war
  • dissapearance of an exchange network
  • Possible combinaton of all of these factors
Term
Megiddo
Definition
  • 40 hectares
  • on a major trade route Via Maris
  • major trading center for over 6000 yrs.
  • has a Chalcolithic temple
  • courtyard paved in Egyptian heiroglyphs
  • Round altar
  • dwlling place of diety?
  • Linked Egypt, Syria, Anatolia & Mesopotamia
  • World Heratige Site
  • Called Armgeddon in the New Testament
Term
Beth Yerah
Definition
  • EB 2-3
  • 8 meter thick wall
  • 20 hectares
  • Khirbet Kerak ware pottery
  • possibly on major trade route
  • Had a ruler or maybe a king? Not sure.
  • HUGE grainery
  • held ~ 1500 tons of grain
  • abandoned at the end of EB-3
Term
Khirbet Kerak Ware
Definition
  • very shiney 'metallic' look
  • not sure where it comes from
  • Found in large amounts @ Ugarit
  • typical in EB-3 ONLY
Term
Bab-edh-Dhra
Definition
  • Occupied from EB-1-4
  • Inhabitants agro-pastoralists, possibly nomadic or semi nomadic
  • Vast cemetary containing thousands of shaft tombs
  • Large rectangular above ground communal burials (charnel houses)
  • They grew emmer wheat, einkorn & flax
  • May have been orchards, olives, figs & grapes
  • Abandoned in EB-4
Term

Early Bronze Ebla

(Tel-Mardikh)

Definition
  • settled ~2800 BC (Syria)
  • Unfortified
  • Settlement on slope of acropolis
  • Structures & courtyards made of mudbrick
  • Palace G burned by Naram-Sin
  • Pottery Cental Syrian in character
  • North on trade route to Mesoptamia
  • Major product was wool
  • Cereal agriculture, olive production & wine
  • Sculpture has strong Mesoptamian influence.
Term

Early Bronze Ugarit

(Syria)

Definition
  • Major trading center for the Late Neolithic
  • Fortified with substantial architecture
  • Copper industry
  • Pottery reflects a costal tradition
  • Affluence of the site reflects political stability with Mesopotamia & Egypt
  • Timber trade
  • Khirbet Kerak ware
  • architectural decline by 2200 BCE
Term

Rogem el Hiri

(Stone Heap of the Wildcat)

Definition
  • Stone circle 1/2 kilomtere long
  • Made of black basaltic rock
  • Central cairn & burial post-date constuction by about 1500 yrs.
  • No solid date for this. Chalcolithic?
  • Located in the Golan Heights
  • Possible burial site for important people, a calander, a site for worship, astronomical observation or simply a placemark?
Term
EB-4, Middle Bronze 1
Definition
  • Decline of urban culture at end of EB-3 post 2300 BCE
  • decline not simultaneous
  • took place over 100 + years
  • No single reason for decline
  • Possible variables include climate change, agricultural exhaustion,disruption of trade & decline of Old Kingdom Egypt.
  • Arrival of new nomadic populations?
  • Numerous shaft tombs
  • Some settlements were constructed.
Term
Khirbet Iskander
Definition
  • The Ruin of Alexanderthe Great
  • Contructed on a hill on the north bank of Wadi Walla
  • Crossing point along the Kings Highway
  • 8 acre site occupied in EB-2
  • continues as a small settlement in EB-4
  • This is the ONLY example of EB-4 fortifications
  • EB-4 was the last time it was occupied
  • Surrounded by 3 cemetaries, mostly shaft tombs
Term

Khirbet Iskander

Area C

Definition
  • has gate w/ a passageway, lined with stone benches
  • public courtyard w/storage jars in 1 area
  • walls built overtop of EB-2 & 3 walls
Term

Khirbet Iskander

Area B

Definition
  • housing of both Longrooms & broadrooms
  • has tabuns (ovens) & silos
Term
Iskander Phases B & C
Definition
  • Area B, public complex
  • possible redistribution center?
  • has an attatched bench lined room
  • stone lined basin
  • decorative bowl found with animal hoof
  • Working hypothesis, public complex, evidence for elite living & ruling
  • cultic area
  • redistribution center
  • surpluses of food, liquids & oils used for trade
Term
Tell-el-Umeiri West
Definition
  • 5 shaft tombs found
  • found by accident due to roadwork
  • found grain storge silos
  • a 4 spouted lamp (only in EB-4)
  • found a daggar
Term
Gibeon-el Jib
Definition
  • excavated by James Pritchard
  • had 63 wine cellars
  • 2 water systems
  • is believed to be the biblical Gibeon
  • had primary & secondary burial sites
  • pottery included 4 spouted lamps, 'teapots' & pithoi
  • lamp niche was found in the tombs, for light.
Term
Dolmens
Definition
  • burial camber made ofmegalithic stone
  • means:table of stone in Breton
  • 2 types of construction
  • structure always covered with tumulus (series of small stones)
  • Found as early as Chalcolithic
  • EB-4 wasd the hey-day.
  • Always looted, because they're easy to spot!
  • Yabis
  • Umeiri
Term
EB-4, MB-1 Pottery
Definition
  • 4 spouted lamp
  • storage jars w/ small handles @ neck (smallmouth)
  • ledge handled storage vessles (widemouth)
  • spindle whorl (terra cotta?)
  • copper needle
Term
Ain Samiya Goblet
Definition
  • found in a 2 chambered shaft tomb near "Ain Samiya
  • repousse tecnique
  • the only art object from this period
  • possible mesoptamian creation myth
  • manufactured in Northern Syria
  • definite Mesoptamian influence
  • silver comes from the Northern Caucus Mountains
  • was broken when buried
Term
Middle Bronze 2 Period
Definition
  • second major urban period
  • MB-2A 2000-1800 BCE
  • MB-2B/C1800-1550 BCE
  • based on Egyption Chronology (Middle Kingdoms & Second Intermediate Periods)
  • revolution in all aspects of material culture
  • settlement pattern, urbanism
  • architecture
  • pottery & metallurgy
  • burial customs
Term
MB-2 Sites
Definition
  • Dan
  • Hazor
  • Megiddo
  • Ugarit
  • Gezer
  • Aphek
  • These had been abandoned but were now re-settled
  • New sites such as Shecham,Tell Poleg
  • Continuity w EB-4, Iskander, Hyaat, Ebla
  • much settlemnt along coastal plain, very little in Negev.
Term
MB-2 Pottery
Definition
  • no more 'teapots' or Syrian goblets
  • appearance of carinated bowl,chalice &tri-pod based kraters
  • appearance of monochrome & bi-chrome decoration
  • combing & incisions on neck of vessels disappears 
  • red slip burnished ware is common
  • most forms turned on 'fast wheel'
  • EB-4 had 4 spouted vessels
  • MB-2 had 1 spouted platters
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