Term
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Definition
| consists of three of more people who interact and are interdependent in the sense that their needs and goals cause them to influence each other |
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Term
| humans want to fulfill two functions |
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Definition
sense of belonging
to feel special and distinctive |
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Term
| what fulfills both functions? |
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Definition
small groups
ex. synchro :p
small for sense of belonging but also make you feel special and distinctive |
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Term
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Definition
define who we are
understand the nature of the social world
establish social norms |
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Term
| most groups have how many members? |
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Definition
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Term
| what happens if a group becomes too big? |
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Definition
| you cannot interact with all the members |
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Term
| is the college you attend a group? |
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Definition
| no, because you are unlikely to meet and interact with every other student on campus |
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Term
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Definition
| shared expectations in a group about ho wparticular people are supposed to behave |
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Term
| whereas social norms specify how all group members should act, roles specify how |
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Definition
| people who occupy certain positions in the group should behave |
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Term
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Definition
build a mock prison in the basement of the psych department at Stanford and paid studnets to play the role of guard or prisoner
was supposed to be for 2 weeks |
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Term
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Definition
| social roles can be so powerful that they overwhelm our personal identities to the point that we become the role we are playing |
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Term
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Definition
| students quickly assumed their respective roles- so much so that the researchers had to stop the experiment after only 6 days even though they knew going into the experiment, what they were being asked to do |
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Term
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Definition
| the qualities of a group that binds members together and promote mutual liking |
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Term
| the more cohesive a group is, the (more/less) its members are likely to stay in the group, take part in group activities, and try to recruit new like-minded members |
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Definition
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Term
| when can cohesiveness get in the way of optimal performance? |
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Definition
| if maintaining good relations among group mmebers becomes more important than finding good solutions to a problem |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to do better on simple tasks and worse on complex tasks when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance can be evaluated |
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Term
| three theories explaining the role of arousal in social facilitation (why the presence of others leads to arousal) |
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Definition
other people cause us to become particularly alert and vigilant
they make us apprehensive about how we're being evaluated
they distract us from the task at hand |
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Term
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Definition
| the concern about being judged |
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Term
| for a psychology exam in which you know the material well, are you better off in a highly populated classroom in rather tight quarters or in a separate room with less people? |
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Definition
highly populated classroom
the arousal you get from tight quarters should help you do well on your exam since it is a relatively easy task |
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Term
| when you're studying for an exam, that is when you are still learning the new material, should you be around others or by yourself? |
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Definition
| by yourself because the arousal caused by others will make it more difficult to concentrate |
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Term
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Definition
| the tendency for people to relax when they are in the presence of others and their individual performance cannot be evaluated, such that they do worse on simple tasks but better on complex tasks |
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Term
| is the tendency to loaf stronger in men or women? |
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Definition
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Term
| relational interdependence |
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Definition
| the tendency to focus on and care about personal relationships with other individuals |
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Term
| who tends to be higher in relational interdependence? |
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Definition
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Term
| is the tendency to loaf stronger in western or asian cultures? |
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Definition
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Term
| If your performance can be evaluated, the presence of others will make you alert and aroused which will lead to _______ effects, where people do (better/worse) on simple tasks but (better/worse) on complex tasks |
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Definition
social facilitation
better, worse |
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Term
| If your efforts cannot be evaluated, you are likely to become more relaxed which leads to ______ effects, where people do (better/worse) on simple tasks but (better/worse) on complex ones |
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Definition
social loafing
worse, better |
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Term
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Definition
| the loosening of normal constraints on behavior when people can’t be identified (such as in a crowd) |
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Term
| why does deindividuation lead to impulsive acts? |
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Definition
| because people feel less accountable for their actions because it reduces the likelihood that any individual will be singled out and blamed |
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Term
| not only does deindividuation reduce the likelihood that one person will stand out and be blamed but it also increases ____to the specific group's norms |
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Definition
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Term
| example of deindividuation |
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Definition
| when it is dark at a party and you are dressed similarly to people, you will be more likely to join the group and let loose on the dance floor |
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Term
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Definition
| the combined memory of two people that is more efficient than the memory of either individual |
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Term
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Definition
| a kind of thinking in which maintaining group cohesiveness and solidarity is more important than considering the facts in a realistic manner |
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Term
| do people voice contrary views in groupthink? |
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Definition
no
afraid of ruining the group's high morale or because they fear being criticized by the others |
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Term
| groupthink can often cause an illusion of |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| The tendency for groups to make decisions that are more extreme than the initial inclination of its members—toward greater risk if people’s initial tendency is to be risky and toward greater caution if people’s initial tendency is to be cautious |
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Term
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Definition
| maintains that certain key personality traits make a person a good leader, regardless of the nature of the situation the leader faces |
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Term
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Definition
| set clear, short-term goals and reward peope who meet them |
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Term
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Definition
| inspire followers to focus on common, long-term goals |
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Term
| the most effective leader is one who adopts the _____ style |
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Definition
both
need to be thinking about the day-to-day operation of an organization and meeting short-term objectives as well as having a leader who inspires people to think about long-term objectives |
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Term
| contingency theory of leadership |
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Definition
| argues that leadership effectiveness depends both on how task-oriented or relationship-oriented the leader is and on the amount of control and influence the leader has over the group |
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Term
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Definition
task-oriented
relationship-oriented |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned more with getting the job done than with workers’ feelings and relationships |
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Term
| task-oriented leaders do well in |
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Definition
| high-control work situations AND low-control work situations |
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Term
| high-control work situations |
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Definition
| when the leader has excellent interpersonal relationships with subordinates, his or her position in the company is clearly well defined |
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Term
| low-control work situations |
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Definition
| when the leader has poor relationships with subordinates and the work needing to be done is not clearly defined |
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Term
| relationship-oriented leaders |
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Definition
| concerned more with workers’ feelings and relationships |
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Term
| relationship-oriented leaders do well in |
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Definition
| moderate-control work situations |
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Term
| moderate-control work situations |
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Definition
| where the wheels are turning fairly smoothly, but some attention is needed to the squeakiness caused by poor relationships and hurt feelings. The leader who can soothe such feelings will be most successful |
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Term
| men more commonly are associated with ____ traits |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| assertive, controlling, dominant, independent, self-confident |
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Term
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Definition
| concerned with the welfare of others, warm, helpful, affectionate |
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Term
| women are more commonly associated with ____ traits |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
| a conflict in which the most beneficial action for an individual will, if chosen by most people, be harmful to everyone |
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Term
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Definition
| a way of encouraging cooperation by at first acting cooperatively but then always responding the way your opponent did (cooperatively or competitively) in the previous trial |
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Term
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Definition
| form of communication between opposing sides in a conflict in which offers and counteroffers are made and a solution occurs only when both parties agree |
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Term
| one limit to successful negotiation |
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Definition
| people often assume that they are locked in a conflict in which only one party can come out ahead; they don't realize that a solution favorable for both parties is available |
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Term
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Definition
| an outcome to a conflict whereby the parties make trade-offs on issues according to their different interests; each side concedes the most on issues that are unimportant to it but are important to the other side |
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Term
| example of integrative solution |
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Definition
divorce
people have different priorities: one may want to keep the furniture and the other wants the china |
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