Term
| Endogenous Circadian rhytm- what is it? what does it do? |
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Definition
It is the body's interal 24 hr clock
-regulates sleep cycles
-regulates eating and drinking, body temp, secretion of hormones |
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Term
Do circadian rhythms remain constant depsite lack of environmental ques such as indication of time of day?
It differs between__ |
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Definition
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Term
As found in experiments, what does the circadian rhytm depend on?
What does it do as a result? |
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Definition
Light
More light- rhytms are faster- harder time falling asleep
Less light- rhythms are slower- harder to wake up |
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Term
| What can lengthen a carcadian rhytm? |
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Definition
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Term
Where is the Superchiasmatic Nucleus located?
What does it do?
What is it influenced by?
What happens if it is damaged |
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Definition
Part of Thalamus, above optic chiasm
- controls rhythms of sleep and temp
- influenced by genes
- damage results in less consitent body environmental patterns of light and dark
- both sides can work independetly |
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Term
| What does a single extracted SCN cell do? |
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Definition
| Keeps producing a rhythmic pattern of action potentials |
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Term
___ and ___ are the genes that produce the protiens Per & Tim
what do they do during the day? night?
what is clock? |
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Definition
Period (Per) & Timeless (Tim)
start in small amounts in the morning, reach a high level at night and make you sleepy, during high concentrations, work with protien called clock to induce sleep |
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Term
| What other parts of the brain does the SCN influence? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does the Pineal gland release? |
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Definition
| Melatonin- hormone that increases sleepiness- secretion starts 2-3 hrs before bedtime |
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Term
What is Zeitgeber?
What does it mean for mammals? |
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Definition
Zeitgeber- Time giver- stimulus that resets circadian rhytm
Light, exercise, noise,meals, temperatures |
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Term
____ is the mismatch of the internal clock with the external time
what happens when you travel west?
Travel east? |
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Definition
Jet lag
West- phase delay circadian rhytms
East phase advance |
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Term
| What is the Retinohypothalamic path? |
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Definition
It is a direct connection from Retina to SCN
- allows light to reset SCN
- originates in ganlion cells that use melanopsin
- responds directly to light without use of Rods and cones |
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Term
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Definition
| - a photopigment found in photosensitive ganglion cells of the retina involved in regulating circadian rhytm |
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Term
| During the sleep stages ____ waves are a characteristic of relaxation, not wakefulness |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe Stage 1 of sleep |
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Definition
sleep begun
EEG shows low irregular low voltage waves
Brain activity declines |
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Term
Stage 2 of sleep
what waves--what are their amplitudes? |
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Definition
Sleep spindles-12-14 Hz burst last half a second
K complexes- sharp. high amplitude wave |
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Term
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Definition
Slwo wave sleep (SWS) half second duration
slowing of heart rate and breathing
-highly syncronized activity |
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Term
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Definition
EEG waves are low voltage, fast, irregular
postnueron muscles more relaxed
DREAMS occur
Other stages are NREM |
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Term
| What is the Reticular Formation associated with? |
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Definition
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Term
What is the Pontomescenphalon responsible for?
where is it located? |
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Definition
- contributes to cortical arousal
- part of midbrain
- Axons reach to thalamus and basal forebrain, releasing ACH & Glutamate
-Stimulation awakens sleeping increases alertness in awake person |
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Term
Locus Coeruleus
wht does it secrete? |
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Definition
- inactive for most times but emits bursts of impulses in response to meaningful events
-secretes norepinephrine
- makes storage into long term memory strengthened
- silent during sleep |
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Term
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Definition
axons extend throughout cortex & thalamus
Cells release GABA- GABA inhibition important to sleep- inhibits synaptic activity from spreading to other axons
ACH is also released to increase arousal |
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Term
| What happens to people with Alzheimer's Disease |
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Definition
| Lack of ACH releasing cells in Basal Forebrain |
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Term
| What does the Hypothalamus do? |
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Definition
release histamine to produce excitatory effects in brain
- also histamines produce sleepiness |
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Term
__ is the peptidr neurotransmitter released from the lateral nucleus of the hypothalamus responsible for what/
what else does it do? |
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Definition
Orexin, ability to stay awake
Stimulates ACH release in brainstem and forebrain to increase wakefulness |
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Term
What is two important mechanism to decrease arousal?
Andenosine
Protaglandins |
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Definition
Accumulation of Andenosine during day inhibits basal forebrain cells responsible for arousal
Protaglandins- accunmulate during day and induce sleep
- stimulate neurons that inhibit synaptic hypothalamic cells responsible for increased arousal |
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Term
Where is REM activity high?
Low? |
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Definition
High in PONS, Limbic System
Low in primary visual cortex,motor cortex, prefrontal cortex |
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Term
| What happens when you are deprived of REM? |
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Definition
| PGO waves emerge in stages 2-4 |
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Term
| What neurotransmitters regulate REM? How? What neurotransmitters intterupts REM? |
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Definition
Serotonin and ACH
ACH agonists move people to REM
Serotonin and neuropenephrine interrupts and shortens REM |
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is a result of insomnia? |
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Definition
Depression, anxiety,parkinsons, epilepsy
dependence on sleeping pills, shifts in circadian rhythm |
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Term
| Sleep Apnea what is the bad effects of it? |
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Definition
| small lesions and small strokes, cognitive impairment due to loss of neurons due to lack of oxygen |
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Term
What is an effect of Narcolepsy?
what does it lack? |
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Definition
Hypnogogic hallucinations-dreamlike experiences difficult to distinguish from reality
lack of orexin |
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Term
| ___is repeated involuntary movement of legs and arms during___sleep |
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Definition
| Periodic Limb movement disorder, NREM |
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Term
What is REM Behavior Disorder?
Who is it most apparent in? |
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Definition
Vigorous movement during sleep- acting out dreams
elderly and older men w/brain diseases such as parkinsons
Damage to PONS |
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Term
| ____Occurs in NREM, is intense anxiety from which person awakes in terror |
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Definition
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Term
| Sleep walkin occurs in young children in stage ___&__ |
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Definition
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Term
| what is one function of sleep and dreams? |
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Definition
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Term
| During sleep what are two restorative processes in the brain? |
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Definition
Protiens built
Energy supplies replenished |
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Term
| What does functional connectivity state? |
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Definition
good sleep srengthens connection between amygdala and inhibitory PFC
- following sleep deprivation,amygdala gets excitatory input from brain stem activation system (60%) increase of activity |
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