Term
The only enzyme shared by the electron transport system and the kreb's cycle.
The site where FADH2 is formed. |
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Definition
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Term
| How many NADH molecules generated for each glucose molecule in the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are transferred to NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What type of reaction involves the exchange of electrons or protons? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ATP forming pathway that requires oxygen? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are transferred to NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the energy currency of the cell? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme catalyzes the reaction of NAD+ to NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mitochondrial site of the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What particles can be seen on the mitochondrial membrane? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule combines with Acetyl CoA to start the Kreb's cycle and is recycled during the process? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are transferred to NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Who proposed the Chemiosmotic theory of protein synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ATP forming pathway that does not require oxygen and produces alcohol or lactic acid as final products? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the first stage in respiration that involves the splitting of glucose into 2 triose molecules ultimately forming pyruvates? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the worlds smallest motor that uses the Hydrogen concentration gradient to drive ATP synthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the pigments that transport electrons in the electron transport system and change colors in the process? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule is formed by the transfer of pyruvate into the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| The enzyme that changes the structure of its substrate. |
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Definition
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Term
| The hexose that is split into 2 triose sugars during glycolysis. |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the mitochondrial site of the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many steps are there in the Kreb's cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What compound blocks the electron transport at complex IV? |
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Definition
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Term
| What cycle generates several high energy electron transport molecules for later use in generating ATP via electron transport? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme adds a phosphate group to its substrate? |
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Definition
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Term
| What electron transport molecule enters the electron transport system at Complex I? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecules are pumped out of Complex I, III, and IV of the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the source of almost all the energy used by life? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many net ATP are generated by the electron transport system per molecule of glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the ultimate electron acceptor in respiration? |
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Definition
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Term
| What enzyme is found in the electron transport system and is also used as an antioxidant? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many electrons are transferred to NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why do cells require energy? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many protons are transferred to NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| What electron transport molecule enters the electron transport system at Complex II? |
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Definition
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Term
| Name three ways ATP is used in the cell. |
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Definition
Transport work
Mechanical work
Chemical work |
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Term
| How does adding a phosphate to molecules perform work? |
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Definition
| Phosphorylation (adding a phosphate) which causes the protein to change its shape. |
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Term
| Where does the majority of energy for living systems come from? |
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Definition
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Term
| How is this energy (sunlight) stored in plants? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecules do we use to generate ATP? |
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Definition
Carbohydrates
Proteins
Lipids
Alcohol (ethanol) |
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Term
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Definition
An ATP producing pathway in which both electron donors and acceptors are organinc compounds.
Anaerobic
Partial degradation of sugars
Produces 2 ATP |
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Term
| How many ATP does fermentation produce? |
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Definition
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Term
| What are the by-products of fermentation? |
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Definition
CO2
Lactic Acid
Alcohol (Ethanol) |
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Term
| What are the by-products of fermentation in humans? |
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Definition
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Term
| Does fermentation occur if oxygen is present? |
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Definition
| No, Cellular Respiration occurs |
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Term
| What are the three stages of cellular respiration? |
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Definition
Glycolysis
Krebs Cycle
Electron Transport Chain |
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Term
| Where in the cell does each stage of cellular respiration occur? |
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Definition
Glycolysis - Cytosol
Krebs Cycle - Matrix
ETC - Inner Membrane |
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Term
| What are the reactants and products of glycolysis? |
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Definition
Reactants: Glucose, 2 NAD+, 2 ADP + 2 P
Products: 2 Pyruvates, 2 NADH, 4 ATP (net +2) |
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Term
| What are the reactants and products of krebs cycle? |
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Definition
Reactants: 2 Acetyl CoA, 8 NAD+, 2 FAD+, 2 ADP + 2P
Products: 8 NADH, 2 FADH2, 6 CO2, 2 ATP |
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Term
| What are the reactants and products of electron transport chain? |
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Definition
Reactants: 10 NADH, 2 FADH2
Products: 34 ATP |
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Term
| Write the equation for respiration. |
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Definition
| C6H12O6 + 6O2 --->6CO2 + 6H2O |
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Term
| Write the equation for photosynthesis. |
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Definition
| 6CO2 + 6H2O--->C6H12O6 + 6O2 |
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Term
| What is the relationship between the equations for respiration and photosynthesis? |
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Definition
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Term
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Definition
Enzyme that removes a pair of hydrogen atoms from a substrate (glucose).
I.e. delivers two electrons an one proton to NAD+ forming NADH and releasing the remaining proton (H+) into the surrounding solution |
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Term
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Definition
| |
| An enzyme that catalyzes the transfer of a phosphate group from ATP to a specified molecule. |
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Term
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Definition
| An enzyme that catalyzes the conversion of a specified compound to an isomer. |
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Term
| What roles do dehydrogenase, kinase, and isomerase plan in glycolysis? |
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Definition
Hexokinase: catalyses a-D-Glucose + ATP à Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) + ADP
Phosphoglucose Isomerase: catalyses Glucose-6-phosphate (G6P) à Fructose-6-phosphate (F6P)
Triose Phosphate Dehydrogenase:
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Term
| During glycolysis, the hexose sugar glucose is split into two trioses? What is this stage called? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs does it cost to split glucose into two trioses? |
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Definition
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Term
The second half of glycolysis forms ATPs and pyruvate.
What is this stage called? |
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Definition
| Energy Yielding (Payoff) Phase |
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Term
| Provide an example of reduction using NAD+ and glucose as the reactants. |
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Definition
Cellular Respiration - Redox process
Transfers hydrogen with higher potential energy from glucose to a coenzyme like NAD+ |
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Term
| What happens to pyruvate after glycolysis? |
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Definition
As pyruvate is transported into the inner matrix of the mitochondria.
The carboxyls is removed as CO2
2 NADHs are formed
Coenzyme A (CoA) combines to form Acetyl CoA |
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Term
| What is the waste product produced as pyruvate enters the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| What molecule is formed as pyruvate enters the mitochondria? |
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Definition
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Term
| After acetyl CoA is generated, what happens next? |
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Definition
| The Acetyl CoA enters the Krebs Cycle |
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Term
| What molecule does Acetyl CoA combine with when it enters the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| What does Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate form? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of combining Acetyl CoA and Oxaloacetate? |
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Definition
| To input acetic acid and start the Krebs Cycle |
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Term
| Which molecule is regenerated in the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs are formed per glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many NADHs are formed per glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many FADH2s are formed per glucose? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the purpose of producing NADH and FADH2? |
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Definition
| Most of the potential energ for reacctions is stored in these electron carriers for delivery to the electron transport chain |
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Term
| What happens to NADH and FADH2 after the Krebs Cycle? |
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Definition
| They go through the electron transport chain |
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Term
| Where is the electron transport chain? |
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Definition
| Inner Membrane of the Mitochondria |
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Term
| What part of the ETC can you take as an anti-oxidant? |
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Definition
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Term
| What happens when cyanide gets into your cells? |
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Definition
| Cyanide covalently bonds and blocks the electron transport chain at Complex IV |
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Term
| What does this mean for the ETC and ATP production when the ETC is blocked at Complex IV? |
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Definition
| The ETC can not complete its function and no ATP is produced from the ETC as a result |
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Term
| Why do you die from cyanide? |
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Definition
| Cyanide covalently bonds and blocks the ETC at Complex IV, this ceases cellular respiration thus you essentially die from suffocation. |
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Term
| Which parts of the ETC are electrogenic pumps? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many protons are pumped out per electron? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many protons have to flow back in to generate one ATP? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many protons are pumped by NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many protons are pumped by FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs can be generated by NADH? |
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Definition
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Term
| How many ATPs can be generated by FADH2? |
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Definition
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Term
| What is the orientation of ATP Synthase? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is sub-component F0 of ATP synthase found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Where is sub-component F1 of ATP synthase found? |
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Definition
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Term
| Describe how electrical charges drive ATP Synthase. |
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Definition
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Term
| What does this accomplish that is similar to phosphorylation accomplishes? |
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Definition
| Attaches phosphates to ADP |
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Term
| How many 1 million dollar nobel prizes were awarded for the people who discovered this system? |
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Definition
| Two - John Walker and Paul Boyer |
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Term
| How many ATPs are generated using the ETC? |
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Definition
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Term
| Why couldn't we just ferment (why do we need so many ATPs) like yeast? |
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Definition
| Because it fuels everything that humans do. We are much more complex than yeast thus we need more energy. |
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Term
| The Krebs cycle produces which of the following molecules that then transfer energy to the electron transport system? |
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Definition
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Term
| Which of the following does not participate in glycolysis? |
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Definition
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Term
| In mitochondria, exergonic redox reactions |
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Definition
provide the energy to establish the proton gradient.
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Term
| All of the following are functions of the Krebs cycle except |
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Definition
adding electrons and protons to oxygen to form water.
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Term
| What must a muscle cell do to keep contracting? |
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Definition
regenerate ATP at a very fast rate
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Term
| Carbon skeletons to be broken down during cellular respiration can be obtained from |
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Definition
polysaccharides, proteins, and lipids
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Term
| Where is ATP synthase located in the mitochondrion? |
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Definition
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Term
| Glycolysis is a(n) __________ reaction. |
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Definition
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Term
| The oxygen consumed during cellular respiration is directly involved in |
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Definition
accepting electrons at the end of the electron transport chain.
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Term
| All of the following substances are produced in a muscle cell under anaerobic conditions except |
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Definition
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