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| Enduring or permanent change in behavior or knowledge that results from previous experience with certain stimuli and responses. |
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| observable response (fainting, salivating, vomiting) |
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| learning in which a neutral stimulus acquires the ability to produce a response that was originally produced by a different stimulus |
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| dog salivates at the sound of bell b/c he knows food is being served (Pavlov). Today this reflex is known as classical conditioning. |
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| Consequences that follow some behavior increase or decrease the likelihood of that behavior’s occurrence in the future |
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| if some random actions are followed by a pleasurable consequence or reward, such actions are strengthened and will likely occur in the future. (Cat escapes from cage to get food on the outside) |
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| : Mental processes such as attention and memory: may be learned through observation or imitation and may not involve any external rewards or require that person to perform any observable behaviors. (Children watching violent movies thus becoming more aggressive) |
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| stimulus that causes a sensory response, such as being seen, heard, or smelled, but does not produce the reflex being tested (bell is the neutral stimulus in dog salivation experiment) |
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| some stimulus that triggers or elicits a physiological reflex such as salivation or eye blink. (Food is the unconditioned stimulus) |
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| unlearned, innate, involuntary physiological reflex that is elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. (Salivation is the response caused by the food) |
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| formerly neutral stimulus that has acquired the ability to elicit a response that was previously elicited by the unconditioned stimulus. |
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| elicited by the conditioned stimulus, is similar to, but not identical in size or amount to the unconditioned response. |
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| the tendency for a stimulus that is similar to the original conditioned stimulus to elicit a response that is similar to the conditioned response. The more similar the new stimulus is to the original conditioned stimulus, the larger the conditioned response will be. (Reacting to similar odors) |
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| procedure in which a conditioned stimulus is repeatedly presented without the unconditioned stimulus and as a result the conditioned stimulus tends to no longer elicit the conditioned response. (An odor related to another memory, which makes you, feel anxious, will gradually cease to cause anxiety). |
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| occurs during classical conditioning when an organism learns to make a particular response to some stimuli but not to others. (One smell can cause anxiety; another odor can cause happy feelings) |
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| tendency for conditioned response to reappear after being extinguished even though there has been no further conditioning trials. (After anxiety to smell has gone away, it randomly returns causing anxiety once again) |
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| usefulness of certain abilities or traits that have evolved in animals and humans and tend to increase their chances of survival, such as finding food, acquiring mates, and avoiding pain or injury. |
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| associating a particular sensory (smell, taste, sound, sight) with getting sick and therefore avoiding that particular sensory cue in the future. (How rats avoid poison)(This is learning is learned very quickly, only one trail needed) |
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| phenomenon that animals and humans are biologically prepared to associate some combinations of conditioned and unconditioned stimuli more easily than others. (Different animals uses different senses to ensure their survival) |
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| Conditioned emotional response |
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| feeling some positive or negative emotion, such as happiness, fear, or anxiety when experiencing a stimulus that initially accompanied a pleasant or painful event. (Avoiding rattlesnake when you hear the rattling) (Occurs in amygdala and cerebellum of brain) |
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| neutral bond or association forms in the brain between the neutral stimulus and unconditioned stimulus. After repeated trials, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus and acts like a substitute for the unconditioned stimulus. Thereafter, the conditioned stimulus elicits a conditioned response that is similar to the unconditioned stimulus. (Sound bell causes you to salivate instead of food) |
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| An organism learns a predictable relationship between two stimuli such that the occurrence of one stimulus predicts the occurrence of another. |
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| classical conditioning occurs because two stimuli are paired close together in time. As a result of the pairing, the neutral stimulus becomes the conditioned stimulus, which elicits the conditioned response. |
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| : refers to feelings of nausea that are elicited by stimuli associated with nausea-inducing chemotherapy treatments. Patients experience nausea after treatment but also before or in anticipation of their treatment. Researchers believe that conditioned nausea occurs through classical conditioning. |
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| Systematic desensitization |
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| procedure based on classical condition, in which a person imagines or visualizes fearful or anxiety-evoking stimuli and then immediately uses deep relaxation to overcome the anxiety. It is a form counterconditioning because it replaces, or counters fear and anxiety with relaxation. (Step 1- learning to relax, step 2- make a list of things that elicit anxiety, step 3-imagining step 1 and step 2) |
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