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CH8
Psyc 107
48
Psychology
Undergraduate 1
10/22/2011

Additional Psychology Flashcards

 


 

Cards

Term
Cognition
Definition
The wasy in which information is processed and manipulated in remembering, thinking, and knowning
Term
Artificial Intellegence
Definition
A scientific field that focuses on creating machines capable of performing activities that require intelligence when they are done by people.
Term
Thinking
Definition
The mental process of manipulating information mentally by forming concepts, solving problems making decisions, and reflecting critically or creatively
Term
Concept
Definition
A mental catergorey that isu used to group objects, events, and characteristics.
Term
Prototype Model
Definition
A model emphasizing that when people evalu8ate whether a given item reflects a certain concept, they compare the item with the most typical items in the catergory and look for a family resmebblance with that items propreties
Term
Problem solving
Definition
The mental process of finding an appropriate way to attain a goal when the goal is not reaily availbale
Term
Subgoals
Definition
Intermediate goals or intermediate problems the put us in a better postion for reaching the final goal or solution
Term
Algoithms
Definition
Strategies-inculding formulas, insturctions, and the testing of all possible solution- that guarantee a soulution to a problem
Term
Heuristics
Definition
Shortcut strategies or guidelines that suggest a solution to a problem but do not guarantee an answer.
Term
Fixation
Definition
Using a prior stragey and failing to look at a problem from a fresh new prespective
Term
Funcitonal Fixedness
Definition
Failing to solve a problem as result of fixation on a thingls usual functions.
Term
Reasoning
Definition
The mental activity of transforming information to reach conclusions
Term
Inductive Reasoning
Definition
Reasoning from specific observations to make generalizations
Term
Deductive Reasoning
Definition
Reasoning from a general case that is known to be true to a specific instance
Term
Decision Making
Definition
The mental activity of evaluating alternatives and choosing among them
Term
Confrimation Bias
Definition
The tendency to search for and use information that supports our ideas rather than refutes them.
Term
Hindsight Bias
Definition
The tendency to report falsely, after the fact that wew accurately predicted an outcome.
Term
Availablity Heuristic
Definition
A prediction about the probablity of an event based on the ease of recalling or imagining similar events.
Term
Base Rate Fallacy
Definition
The tendency to ignore in formation about general principles in favor of very specific but vivid information
Term
Representativeness Heuristics
Definition
The tendency to make judgements about group membership based on physcial apperances or the match between a person and one's sterotype of a group rather than on available base rate information
Term
Mindfulness
Definition
The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
Term
Mindfulness
Definition
The state of being alert and mentally present for one's everyday activities
Term
Open-Mindedness
Definition
The state of being recpetive to tother ways of looking at things
Term
Creativity
Definition
The ability to think about something in novel and unsual ways and to devise unconventional solutions to problems
Term
Divergent Thinking
Definition
Thinking that produces many solutions to the same problem
Term
Convergent Thinking
Definition
Thinkning that produces the single best solution to a problem
Term
Intelligence
Definition
All-purpose ability to do well on cognitive tasks, to solve problem, and to learn from experince
Term
Validity
Definition
The extent to whcih a test meausre swhat it is inteneded to measure
Term
Reliability
Definition
The extent to which a test yieldes a consistent, repoducible meausre of performance
Term
Standardization
Definition
The development of uniform procedures for administering and scoring a test, and the creation of norms (performing standards) for the test.
Term
Menatal Age
Definition
An individual's leel of mental development relative to that of others
Term
Intelligence Quotient
Definition
An individual's mental age divided by chronological age multiplied by 100.
Term
Normal Disrtribution
Definition
A symmetrical, bell shaped curve, with a majority of the scores falling in the middle of the possible range and few scores appearing toward the extremes of the range
Term
Culture-Fair Test
Definition
Intelligence tests that are intended to be culturally unbiased
Term
Heritablity
Definition
The proportion of observable differences in a group that can be explained by differences in the genes of the group's members
Term
Gifted
Definition
Possesing high inteligence (an IQ score of at least 130) and/or superior talent in a paticular area
Term
Intellecutal Disability
Definition
A condition of limited mental ability in which and indvidual has a low IQ, usually below 70 on a traditional intelligence test, and has difficulty adapting to everyday life.
Term
Triarchic Theory of Intelligence
Definition
Sternber's theory that intelligence comes in three forms: analytical, creative, and practical
Term
Language
Definition
A form of communiation-whethet spoken, written, or signed- that is based on a system or symbols
Term
Infinite Generativity
Definition
The ability of language to produce and endless number of meaningful sentences
Term
Phonology
Definition
A language's sound system
Term
Morphology
Definition
A language's rules for formation
Term
Syntax
Definition
A language's rules for combining words to form acceptable phrase and sentence
Term
Sematics
Definition
The meaning of words and sentences in a paticular language
Term
Pragmatics
Definition
The useful character of language and the ability of language to communicate even more meaning than is said.
Term
Cognitive Appraisal
Definition
Individuals' interpretation of the events in their lives as harmful, threatening,l or challenging and their determination of wehter they have resources to cope effectively with the events.
Term
Coping
Definition
Manging taxing circumstances, expending effort to solve life's problems, and seeking to master or reduce stress
Term
Cognitive Reappraisal
Definition
Regulating one's feelings about an experience or thinking about it in a different way or form a different angle
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