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Ch. 7
Photosynthesis
40
Biology
Undergraduate 1
06/27/2012

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Term
Photosynthesis utilizes __________
Definition
Only visible light
Term
What light is only minimally absorbed by chlorophylls a and b?
Definition
Green light
Term
The importance of photosynthesis is that photosynthetic organisms produce ____ for the biosphere.
Definition
organic food
Term
The reactants of photosynthesis include solar energy, H20, & CO2 but NOT...
Definition
Carbohydrates
Term
The oxygen given off by photosynthesis comes from ___________
Definition
H20
Term
C4 plants fix CO2 to _____.
Definition
PEP
Term
The six-carbon molecule resulting from carbon-dioxide fixation immediately breaks down to form __________.
Definition
2, three-carbon PGA molecules
Term
Light independent (dark) reactions see a reduction in...
Definition
CO2
Term
CO2 fixation occurs when CO2 combines with _____.
Definition
ribulose bisphosphate
Term
A plant can use PGAL to make _____.
Definition
Sucrose, oils, & cellulose
Term
The energy and electrons needed for the reduction synthesis are supplied by _____.
Definition
NADPH and ATP
Term
The light-dependent reactions take place in the _____.
Definition
thylakoids
Term
The plant pigments, ________, absorb light in the violet-blue-green range and therefore appear shades of yellow and orange.
Definition
carotenoids
Term
Photosynthetic pigments capture _____ of the solar energy that reaches the earth.
Definition
less than 2%
Term
About 20-50% of the protein content in chloroplasts is _____ which speeds up CO2 fixation.
Definition
RuBP carboxylase
Term
Five molecules of PGAL are used to produce _____ so that the Calvin cycle can continue.
Definition
RuBP
Term
In a C4 plant, the __________ cells contain chloroplasts.
Definition
bundle sheath and mesophyll
Term
C4 plants like corn and crabgrass grow better when conditions are _________.
Definition
hot and dry
Term
NOT a product of light dependent reactions?
Definition
glucose
Term
absorption spectrum
Definition
Pattern of absorption when pigments take up various wave lengths of light.
Term
ATP synthase complex
Definition
Complex of proteins in the cristae of mitochondria and thylakoid membrane of chloroplast that produces ATP as hydrogen flows down a concentration gradient.
Term
autotroph
Definition
Organism that can capture energy and synthesize organic molecules from inorganic nutrients.
Term
Calvin cycle reactions
Definition
Portion of photosynthesis that takes place in the stroma of chloroplasts and can occur in the dark; it uses the products of the light reactions to reduce CO2 to a carbohydrate.
Term
C3 plant
Definition
Plant that fixes carbon dioxide via the Calvin cycle; the first stable product of C3 photosynthesis is a 3-carbon compound.
Term
C4 plant
Definition
Plant that fixes carbon dioxide to produce a C4 molecule that releases carbon dioxide to the Calvin cycle.
Term
carbon dioxide (CO) fixation
Definition
Photosynthetic reaction in which carbon dioxide is attached to an organic compound.
Term
chemiosmosis
Definition
Process by which mitochondria and chloroplasts use the energy of an electron transport chain to create a hydrogen ion gradient that drives ATP formation.
Term
chlorophyll
Definition
Green pigment that absorbs solar energy and is important in algal and land plant photosynthesis; occurs as chlorophyll a and chlorophyll.
Term
chloroplast
Definition
Membrane-bounded organelle in algae and land plants with chlorophyll-containing membranous thylakoids; where photosynthesis takes place.
Term
grana (sing., granum)
Definition
Stack of chlorophyll-containing thylakoids in a chloroplast.
Term
heterotroph
Definition
Organism that cannot synthesize organic compounds from inorganic substances and therefore must take in organic food.
Term
light reactions
Definition
Portion of photosynthesis that captures solar energy and takes place in thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts; it produces ATP and NADPH.
Term
photorespiration
Definition
Series of reactions that occurs in plants when carbon dioxide levels are depleted but oxygen continues to accumulate, and the enzyme RuBP carboxylase fixes oxygen instead of carbon dioxide.
Term
photosynthesis
Definition
Process occurring usually within chloroplasts whereby chlorophyll-containing organelles trap solar energy to reduce carbon dioxide to carbohydrate.
Term
photosystem
Definition
Photosynthetic unit where solar energy is absorbed and high-energy electrons are generated; contains a pigment complex and an electron acceptor; occurs as PS (photosystem) I and PS II.
Term
RuBP carboxylase
Definition
An enzyme that starts the Calvin cycle reactions by catalyzing attachment of the carbon atom from CO2 to RuBP.
Term
stomata
Definition
Small opening between two guard cells on the underside of leaf epidermis through which gases pass.
Term
stroma
Definition
Fluid within a chloroplast that contains enzymes involved in the synthesis of carbohydrates during photosynthesis.
Term
thylakoid
Definition
Flattened sac within a granum whose membrane contains chlorophyll and where the light reactions of photosynthesis occur.
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